A systematic literature review of factor analytic and mixture models of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire
Open accessAbstract
The 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11; WHO, 2018) describes two distinct trauma related disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). This review aims to summarise and synthesize evidence from factor analytic and mixture modelling studies that have investigated the latent structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire. A systematic search of PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases was conducted to identify relevant articles. Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The latent structure of the ITQ was best represented by two models; a correlated six-factor model (Re-experiencing, Avoidance, Threat, Affect Dysregulation, Negative Self Concept, and Disturbed Relationships) and a two-factor second-order model (PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organization). Mixture model studies consistently identified distinct classes representing those displaying PTSD and CPTSD symptoms. Numerous studies demonstrated support for the factorial and discriminant validity of PTSD and CPTSD when analysed in conjunction with other variables. Overall, support was found for the conceptual coherence of PTSD and CPTSD as empirically distinguishable disorders, as measured by the ITQ. The available evidence demonstrates that the ITQ is a valid measure of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD. Recommendations for future research are included.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Each of the six symptom clusters of complex PTSD demonstrates good to excellent internal consistency.
“Several studies have found that each of the six symptom clusters demonstrates good to excellent internal consistency 42 .”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
The Discussion (page unavailable) mentions lower internal reliability for dichotomously scored ITQ items than for dimensionally scored items, but does not rate the internal consistency of each of the six clusters. A search for “internal consistency,” “Cronbach alpha,” and “good to excellent” found no passage establishing the claimed ratings. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales
Cohen, J. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000104 · Cited by 42,398 · see citing works
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701575396 · Cited by 11,415 · see citing works
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
(2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_3055 · Cited by 4,181 · see citing works
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
Eisfeld, J. (2014) · TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1215/23289252-2399740 · Cited by 3,570 · see citing works
Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12956 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Self-citationDisorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma
van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20047 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Investigating population heterogeneity with factor mixture models.
Lubke, G. H., & Muthén, B. (2005) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.10.1.21 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., et al. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20057 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis
Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
The GRoLTS-Checklist: Guidelines for Reporting on Latent Trajectory Studies
van de Schoot, R., Sijbrandij, M., Winter, S. D., Depaoli, S., & Vermunt, J. K. (2017) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2016.1247646 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD
Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Maercker, A., Bryant, R. A., Humayun, A., Jones, L. M., Kagee, A., Rousseau, C., et al. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of complex PTSD: results of the ISTSS expert clinician survey on best practices.
Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Charuvastra, A., Carapezza, R., Stolbach, B. C., & Green, B. L. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20697 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Reformulating PTSD for<i>DSM‐V</i>: Life after Criterion A
Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., & Galea, S. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20443 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Armour, C., Műllerová, J., & Elhai, J. D. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.003 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A. J., Jumbe, S., Karatzias, T., Bisson, J. I., & Roberts, N. P. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12771 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationReed, G. M. (2010) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0021701 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Lueger-Schuster, B., & Shevlin, M. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22723 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationHyland, P., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Vallières, F., McElroy, E., Elklit, A., Christoffersen, M., & Cloitre, M. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1350-8 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationPetersen, K. J., Qualter, P., & Humphrey, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01214 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Clark, S. L., Muthén, B., Kaprio, J. A., D'Onofrio, B. M., Viken, R. J., & Rose, R. J. (2013) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2013.824786 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N., Bisson, J., Brewin, C., & Cloitre, M. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.009 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations
Cloître, M. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.43 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Perkonigg, A., Höfler, M., Cloitre, M., Wittchen, H.-U., Trautmann, S., & Maercker, A. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0639-4 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Vallières, F., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Daher, R., Sleiman, J. B., Gilmore, B., Byrne, S., Shevlin, M. E., Murphy, J., & Hyland, P. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12973 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationHaselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13100 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., Elklit, A., Murphy, J., Vallières, F., Garvert, D. W., & Cloître, M. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000114 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationHo, G. W. K., Karatzias, T., Cloître, M., Chan, A. C. Y., Bressington, D. T., Chien, W. T., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. E. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationJowett, S., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Albert, I. (2020) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000346 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationShevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., & Cloître, M. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1419749 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationHyland, P., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., Byrne, S., Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., & Vallières, F. (2018) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.2 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationKazlauskas, E., Želvienė, P., Daniunaite, I., Hyland, P., Kvedaraitė, M., Shevlin, M. E., & Cloître, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.061 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationHyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Cloitre, M. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22444 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationThe replicability of ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder symptom networks in adults
Knefel, M., Karatzias, T., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., Lueger-Schuster, B., & Maercker, A. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.286 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationMurphy, D., Shevlin, M. E., Pearson, E., Greenberg, N. L., Wessely, S. C., Busuttil, W., & Karatzias, T. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationCategories and Dimensions: Advancing Psychological Science Through the Study of Latent Structure
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00575.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
A decennial review of psychotraumatology: what did we learn and where are we going?
Olff, M., Amstadter, A. B., Armour, C., Birkeland, M. S., Bui, É., Cloître, M., Ehlers, A., Ford, J. D., Greene, T., Hansen, M., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1672948 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1818974 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gilbar, O. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.060 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The structure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in Lithuanian mental health services
Kazlauskas, E., Gegieckaitė, G., Hyland, P., Želvienė, P., & Cloître, M. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1414559 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationGilbar, O., Hyland, P., Cloitre, M., & Dekel, R. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Profiles in Traumatized Refugees
Liddell, B. J., Nickerson, A., Felmingham, K. L., Malhi, G. S., Cheung, J., Den, M. L., Askovic, M., Coello, M., Aroche, J., & Bryant, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22453 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Alternative models of disorders of traumatic stress based on the new ICD ‐11 proposals
Shevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Fyvie, C., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., & Cloître, M. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12695 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationHo, G. W. K., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., Chien, W. T., Înoue, S., Yang, P. J., Chen, F. H., Chan, A. C. Y., & Karatzias, T. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1717826 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationTian, Y., Wu, X., Wang, W., Zhang, D., Yu, Q., & Xianzi, Z. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.017 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cloitre, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Lueger-Schuster, B., Maercker, A., Roberts, N. P., & Shevlin, M. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1739873 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationSele, P., Hoffart, A., Bækkelund, H., & Øktedalen, T. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1796187 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD: structural validation using network analysis
McElroy, E., Shevlin, M. E., Murphy, S., Roberts, B., Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J. D., Bisson, J. I., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Hyland, P. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20638 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational Trauma Questionnaire
Cloître, M., Shevlin, M. E., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A. R. A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2018) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t73478-000 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationHansen, M., Hyland, P., Karstoft, K., Vægter, H. B., Bramsen, R. H., Nielsen, A. B. S., Armour, C., Andersen, S. B., Høybye, M. T., Larsen, S. K., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1398002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationA latent class analysis to empirically describe eating disorders through developmental stages
Swanson, S. A., Horton, N. J., Crosby, R. D., Micali, N., Sonneville, K. R., Eddy, K. T., & Field, A. E. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22308 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., & Ben‐Ezra, M. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1803006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationOwczarek, M., Ben‐Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Vallières, F., & Shevlin, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2019.1689718 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationFrost, R., Murphy, J., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Hansen, M., Armour, C., McCarthy, A., Cunningham, T., & McDonagh, T. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1836864 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrier, J. M., Foster, J. D., Karatzias, T., & Murphy, D. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000921 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationChoi, H., Lee, W., & Hyland, P. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104982 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationSölva, K., Haselgruber, A., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1832757 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bruckmann, P., Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1767988 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rink, J., & Lipinska, G. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1818965 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Frost, R., Vang, M. L., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. E. (2019) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2019.1626472 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThe factor structure of complex PTSD in combat-exposed Filipino soldiers
Mordeno, I. G., Nalipay, M. J. N., & Mordeno, E. R. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.035 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Shevlin, M. E. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1745 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationRocha, J., Rodrigues, V., Santos, E., Azevedo, I., Machado, S., Almeida, V., Silva, C., Almeida, J., & Cloître, M. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0272 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vang, M. L., Nielsen, S. B., Auning-Hansen, M. A., & Elklit, A. (2020) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v29i3.115367 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Dokkedahl, S. B., & Shevlin, M. E. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1457393 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSölva, K., Haselgruber, A., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104388 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Choi, H., Kim, N., & Lee, A. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1839889 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Somma, A., Maffei, C., Borroni, S., Gialdi, G., & Fossati, A. (2019) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/2019.7.2058 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Moher (2009) · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 72 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Bisson, J. I., Berliner, L., Cloitre, M., Forbes, D., Jensen, T. K., Lewis, C., . . . Shapiro, F. (2019). Systematic review.
- Review.
- Bryant, R. A. (2019). Review. (continued on next page) (continued ) Author Reason for Exclusion
- Review.
- Hodes, M., & Vostanis, P. (2019). Practitioner review.
- Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Maercker, A., Kazlauskas, E., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., ... & Brewin, C. R. (2020). Review.
- Review.
- Lotfinia, S., Soorgi, Z., Mertens, Y., & Daniels, J. (2020). Systematic review. Lotzin, A., & Schafer, I. (2019). In German -psycinfo.
- Olff, M., Amstadter, A., Armour, C., Birkeland, M. S., Bui, E., Cloitre, M., . . . Thoresen, S. (2019). Review/editorial.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Maercker, A. R. A., Cloître, M., Bachem, R., Schlumpf, Y. R., Khoury, B. A., Hitchcock, C., & Bohus, M. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00821-2 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20960 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Cloître, M., Hyland, P., Prins, A., & Shevlin, M. E. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1930961 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationBrewin, C. R., Atwoli, L., Bisson, J. I., Galea, S., Koenen, K. C., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21269 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
McGinty, G., Fox, R. J., Ben‐Ezra, M., Cloître, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., & Hyland, P. (2021) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2239 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationThe memory and identity theory of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder.
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., & Brewin, C. R. (2023) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000418 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationGeležėlytė, O., Roberts, N. P., Kvedaraitė, M., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., Cloître, M., Kairytė, A., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., & Kazlauskas, E. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2037905 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationBrewerton, T. D. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00696-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Prevalence and predictors of ICD ‐11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD in young people
Redican, E., Hyland, P., Cloître, M., McBride, O., Karatzias, T., Murphy, J., Bunting, L., & Shevlin, M. E. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13442 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMental health in Ukraine in 2023
Martsenkovskyi, D., Shevlin, M. E., Ben‐Ezra, M., Bondjers, K., Fox, R. J., Karatzias, T., Martsenkovska, I. I., Martsenkovsky, I., Pfeiffer, E., Sachser, C., et al. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.12 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex PTSD: what is the clinical utility of the diagnosis?
Rød, Å. N., & Schmidt, C. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2002028 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Shrira, A., & Palgi, Y. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rossi, R., Socci, V., Pacitti, F., Carmassi, C., Rossi, A., Lorenzo, G. D., & Hyland, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.859877 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationHo, G. W. K., Liu, H. L. V., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Cloître, M., Lueger‐Schuster, B., Brewin, C. R., Guo, C., Wang, X., & Shevlin, M. E. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00497-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Dissociation a Fundamental Component of ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Hyland, P., Hamer, R., Fox, R. J., Vallières, F., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., & Cloître, M. (2023) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2023.2231928 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationKazlauskas, E., Jovarauskaitė, L., Abe, K., Brewin, C. R., Cloître, M., Daniunaite, I., Haramaki, Y., Hihara, S., Kairytė, A., Kamite, Y., et al. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000336 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Exploring complex-PTSD comorbidity in trauma-exposed Northern Ireland veterans
Spikol, E., Robinson, M., McGlinchey, E., Ross, J., & Armour, C. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2046953 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Karatzias, T., Glanaghy, E. M., & Cloître, M. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13091300 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationChristen, D., Killikelly, C., Maercker, A. R. A., & Augsburger, M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.5501 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Camden, A. A., Petri, J. M., Jackson, B. N., Jeffirs, S. M., & Weathers, F. W. (2022) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100305 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
State of Ireland's mental health: findings from a nationally representative survey
Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Shevlin, M. E., Bentall, R. P., Butter, S., Hartman, T. K., Karatzias, T., Martínez, A. P., McBride, O., Murphy, J., et al. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000312 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationCharak, R., Cano-González, I., Ronzón‐Tirado, R., Ford, J. D., Byllesby, B. M., Shevlin, M. E., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., & Cloître, M. (2023) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001440 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationHo, G. W. K., Chan, K. L., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Fung, H. W., & Shevlin, M. E. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104045 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationKaratzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., Cloître, M., Busuttil, W., Graham, K., Hendrikx, L. J., Hyland, P., Biscoe, N., & Murphy, D. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000538428 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationFarrell, D. P., Moran, J., Zat, Z., Miller, P. W., Knibbs, L., Papanikolopoulos, P., Prattos, T., McGowan, I., McLaughlin, D. F., Barron, I. G., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1129912 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Redican, E., Cloître, M., Hyland, P., McBride, O., Karatzias, T., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. E. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102497 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationCyr, G., Bélanger, C., & Godbout, N. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105627 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Jovarauskaitė, L., Murphy, D., Truskauskaitė‐Kunevičienė, I., Dumarkaitė, A., Andersson, G., & Kazlauskas, E. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056289 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Brzozowska, A., & Grabowski, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26115216 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Jovarauskaitė, L., Dumarkaitė, A., Truskauskaitė‐Kunevičienė, I., Norkienė, I., Andersson, G., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05512-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kvedaraitė, M., Geležėlytė, O., Kairytė, A., Roberts, N. P., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640211057720 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kalaitzaki, A., Goodwin, R., Kurapov, A., Vintila, M., Lazarescu, G., Lytvyn, S., Tsouvelas, G., Tamiolaki, A., Danyliuk, I., Ramos-Diaz, J., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116248 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ho, G. W. K., Vang, M. L., Martsenkovskyi, D., Karatzias, T., Ben‐Ezra, M., McElroy, E., Redican, E., Cloître, M., Lorberg, B. A., Hyland, P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22943 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationKrüger-Gottschalk, A., Ehring, T. W., Knaevelsrud, C., Dyer, A., Schäfer, I., Schellong, J., Rau, H., & Köhler, K. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2010995 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Peraud, W., Hebrard, L., Lavandier, A., Brockbank-Chasey, S., Brennstuhl, M., & Quintard, B. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2152109 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nielsen, T., Elklit, A., Vang, M. L., Nielsen, S. B., Auning-Hansen, M. A., & Palić, S. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2172256 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
McGinty, G., Fox, R. J., Roberts, B., Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J. D., & Hyland, P. (2023) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2023.2217002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBachem, R., Maercker, A. R. A., Levin, Y., Köhler, K., Willmund, G., Bohus, M., Koglin, S., Roepke, S., Schoofs, N., Priebe, K., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2344364 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Marqués-Feixa, L., Moya, J., Romero, S., Santamarina-Pérez, P., Martín-González, N. S., Mas, A., Rapado‐Castro, M., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Zorrilla, E. P., Forner-Puntonet, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.088 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Folke, S., Karstoft, K., Andersen, S. B., Karatzias, T., Nissen, L. R., & Nielsen, A. B. S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.055 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescence: A two-year follow-up study
Kazlauskas, E., Kairytė, A., & Želvienė, P. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231187975 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Initial validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in a sample of Chilean adults
Fresno, A., Ramos, N., Núñez, D. E., Ulloa, J. L., Arriagada, J., Cloître, M., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Shevlin, M. E., & Karatzias, T. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2263313 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationAndisha, P., Shahab, M. J., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2158428 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
McElroy, E., Wood, T. A., Bond, R., Mulvenna, M. D., Shevlin, M. E., Ploubidis, G. B., Hoffmann, M. S., & Moltrecht, B. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05954-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationGiordano, F., Calaresi, D., Saladino, V., & Verrastro, V. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15010086 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ford, J. D., Charak, R., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., & Spinazzola, J. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2133488 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, N. P., Hyland, P., Fox, R. J., Roberts, A., Lewis, C., Cloître, M., Brewin, C. R., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., Geležėlytė, O., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2494361 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, L., Wei, C., & Liang, Y. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05423-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., Martsenkovskyi, D., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102898 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationKey concepts, methods, findings, and questions about traumatic memories
Brewin, C. R. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23164 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of peritraumatic reactions on post-traumatic stress among Kahramanmaras earthquake survivors
Alpay, E. H., & Aydın, A. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2023.2291548 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of The Turkish Version of The International Trauma Questionnaire
Gündoğmuş, İ., Ünsal, C., Alma, L., & Par, A. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2177571 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, L., Fu, H., Guo, H., Liu, P., Bi, Y., Luo, S., Han, Y., Wang, Y., & Cao, C. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2351292 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dennis, K., Barrera, S., Bishop, N., Nguyen, C., & Brewerton, T. D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16132019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Frost, R., Vang, M. L., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., McCarthy, A., & Murphy, J. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000245 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationBressington, D. T., Hyland, P., Steele, H., Byrne, M. K., Mitchell, D., Keane, C. A., Shevlin, M. E., Ho, G. W. K., Murta, J. C. D., Easpaig, B. N. G., et al. (2024) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674241230197 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationShevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Brewin, C. R., Cloître, M., Karatzias, T., & Redican, E. (2025) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13799 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationTrauma as a Public Health Issue: Epidemiology of Trauma and Trauma-Related Disorders
Mew, E. J., Koenen, K. C., & Lowe, S. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97802-0_2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Assessing the Persian International Trauma Questionnaire: A psychometric study
Yousefi, S., & Abdoli, F. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100404 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Toward a definition of Attachment Trauma: integrating attachment and trauma studies
Zagaria, A., Baggio, T., Rodella, L., & Leto, K. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100416 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pace, C. S., Muzi, S., Rogier, G., Ballestracci, E., & Mazzola, G. (2024) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2883 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Parhoon, K., Bahmani, D. S., Cloître, M., Parhoon, H., & Shahbazi, P. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100459 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Thoma, M. V., Redican, E., Adank, N., Schneemann, V. B., Shevlin, M. E., Maercker, A. R. A., & Rohner, S. L. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2445368 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD)
Stubley, J., Chipp, B., & Buszewicz, M. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-079458 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kindred, R., Jak, S., Hamer, R., Nedeljkovic, M., & Bates, G. W. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251340837 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shame and Guilt Proneness as Mediators of PTSD/DSO Symptoms in Young Adults
Oasi, O., Shevlin, M. E., Lasalvia, A., Bonetto, C., Cristofalo, D., Marzocco, G., Somma, C., Toscano, M., Karatzias, T., & Cavalera, C. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70131 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly maladaptive schemas and ICD ‐11 CPTSD symptoms: Treatment considerations
Greenblatt‐Kimron, L., Karatzias, T., Yonatan, M., Shoham, A., Hyland, P., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Shevlin, M. E. (2022) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12429 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationCloître, M., Lovelund, A. A., Jackson, C., Edward, D., & Baker, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23572 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
PTSD, complex PTSD and the dissociative subtype of PTSD in patients with eating disorders
Brewerton, T. D., Nguyen, C., Bishop, N., & Dennis, K. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01449-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review
Alpay, E. H., & ÇELİK, D. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1050659 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Frewen, P., Wong, S., Bailey, T. D., Courtois, C. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106207 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Karsberg, S., Elklit, A., Pedersen, M. M., Pedersen, M. U., & Vang, M. L. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13032 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Valdovinos, V. S., Loya, A. J., Lira, L. R., González‐Forteza, C., & Valdez‐Santiago, R. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2171828 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, Y., Liu, L., & Wang, W. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231221835 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Memory and identity processes in ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder: Tests of a new theory
Hyland, P., Broughill, M., Shevlin, M. E., & Brewin, C. R. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103055 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPettrich, A., Friedrich, M., Nesterko, Y., & Glaesmer, H. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2317055 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Melkevik, O., Nielsen, A. B. S., Friis, K., Lund, C., Schmidt, B. W., & Folke, S. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2465217 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Karstoft, K., Vindbjerg, E., Nielsen, A. B. S., Andersen, S. B., & Folke, S. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2444745 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Choi, H., Lee, H. S., & Roberts, N. P. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2447182 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hyland, P., Brewin, C. R., Cloître, M., Karatzias, T., & Shevlin, M. E. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106563 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationGreger, H. K., Stuifbergen, M. C., Jozefiak, T., Kayed, N. S., Lydersen, S., Rimehaug, T., Schalinski, I., Seim, A. R., Singstad, M. T., Wallander, J. L., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21111447 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Draczyńska, D., Mokros, Ł., Nowakowska, A. M., & Anczewska, M. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2468116 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dhingra, K., Boyda, D., Mitchell, S. M., & Taylor, P. J. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23128 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Haselgruber, A., Weindl, D., Zagaria, A., Zajec, K., Noske, J., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2493025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, K., Liu, Y., Zhong, B., & Tong, J. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2502208 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Çi̇men, F., & Seçer, İ. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2590402 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Robinson, M., Levin, Y., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., & Ben‐Ezra, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.015 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationDanzi, B. A., Knowles, E. A., & Bock, R. C. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05317-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Can Cardiac Surgery Lead to ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD? Findings of a 5-year Follow-up Study
Kazlauskas, E., Gražulytė, D., Kvedaraitė, M., Norkienė, I., Želvienė, P., & Šipylaitė, J. (2023) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-023-10023-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Whiteford, S., Quigley, M., Dighton, G., Wood, K., Kitchiner, N., Armour, C., & Dymond, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23604 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mental health and validity of the psycho-neurobiological stress model
Guillén, J. M. B. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatric Research and Reviews · doi:10.28933/ajprr-2021-12-3105 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A network analysis of ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms in the treatment-seeking population in Iran
Mohammadi, Z., Dehghani, M., Lavasani, F. F., Farahani, H., Ashouri, A., & Omidbakhsh, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06444-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gameiro, S., Dummer, A., Copeland, L., McCluskey, G., Ross, R., McLaughlin, D. F., McGowan, I., & Knight, H. (2026) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deag030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pugach, C. P., Bovin, M. J., Contractor, A. A., Wisco, B. E., Pietrzak, R. H., Marx, B. P., & Adams, S. W. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102743 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Latent profiles of PTSD and CPTSD: the importance of emotional hypoactivation
Teysseyre, J., Tapia, G., Raysseguier, C., Chami, L., Gissot, V., & El‐Hage, W. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2661294 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Examining accurate diagnosis of complex PTSD in ICD-11
Kleva, C. S., Keeley, J. W., Evans, S. C., Maercker, A. R. A., Cloître, M., Brewin, C. R., Roberts, M. C., & Reed, G. M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.137 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pérez, L. F. A., Fernández, E. F., & Duarte, K. N. (2023) · Revista Española de Medicina Legal · doi:10.1016/j.reml.2023.09.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress
Brewin, C. R., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009182232.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jowett, S., Hyland, P., Hansen, M., & Bach, B. (2024) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2024.38.3.207 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHe, Y., Yang, Y., Hu, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, S., Jia, F., & Hou, C. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.08.020 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Redican, E., Nolan, E., Hyland, P., Cloitre, M., McBride, O., Karatzias, T., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Ulster (GB)
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- Edinburgh Napier University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Shevlin, Mark
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 79
- Pages
- 102381
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3133560980
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 3.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Department for the Economy
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, ICD-11, International Trauma Questionnaire, factor structure, mixture models, latent structure, discriminant validity, PTSD symptom clusters, affect dysregulation, trauma-related disorders
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, International Classification of Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
