The Craving Experience Questionnaire: a brief, theory-based measure of consummatory desire and craving: CEQ: Craving Experience Questionnaire
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Research into craving is hampered by lack of theoretical specification and a plethora of substance-specific measures. This study aimed to develop a generic measure of craving based on elaborated intrusion (EI) theory. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined whether a generic measure replicated the three-factor structure of the Alcohol Craving Experience (ACE) scale over different consummatory targets and time-frames. DESIGN: Twelve studies were pooled for CFA. Targets included alcohol, cigarettes, chocolate and food. Focal periods varied from the present moment to the previous week. Separate analyses were conducted for strength and frequency forms. SETTING: Nine studies included university students, with single studies drawn from an internet survey, a community sample of smokers and alcohol-dependent out-patients. PARTICIPANTS: A heterogeneous sample of 1230 participants. MEASUREMENTS: Adaptations of the ACE questionnaire. FINDINGS: Both craving strength [comparative fit indices (CFI = 0.974; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.039, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.035-0.044] and frequency (CFI = 0.971, RMSEA = 0.049, 95% CI = 0.044-0.055) gave an acceptable three-factor solution across desired targets that mapped onto the structure of the original ACE (intensity, imagery, intrusiveness), after removing an item, re-allocating another and taking intercorrelated error terms into account. Similar structures were obtained across time-frames and targets. Preliminary validity data on the resulting 10-item Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) for cigarettes and alcohol were strong. CONCLUSIONS: The Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) is a brief, conceptually grounded and psychometrically sound measure of desires. It demonstrates a consistent factor structure across a range of consummatory targets in both laboratory and clinical contexts.
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The CEQ-F showed good psychometric properties among patients with AUD (Cronbach's alpha: 0.94).
“This questionnaire showed good psychometric properties among patients with AUD (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.94).”
From Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary outcomes of a mindfulness-based relapse prevention program in a naturalistic setting among treatment-seeking patients with alcohol use disorder: A prospective observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
The 'Final version of the Craving Experience Questionnaire' section reports a coefficient alpha of .94 for the CEQ-F. But the paper does not identify .94 as the alpha among patients with alcohol use disorder specifically; its analyses combined samples across substances, while Study 12 separately involved alcohol-dependent outpatients (Table 4). (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- May, J., Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D. J., Feeney, G. F. X., Gullo, M. J., Statham, D. J., Skorka-Brown, J., Connolly, J. M., Cassimatis, M., Young, R. M., & Connor, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Princess Alexandra Hospital (AU)
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research; The University of Queensland and Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
- Corresponding author
- May, Jon
- ORCID
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02-16
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 728-735
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1562803040
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- craving, alcohol craving, cigarette craving, food cravings, chocolate craving, craving intensity, factor structure, psychometric validation, substance use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Cacao, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Food, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological Theory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult, Tobacco Products, Craving
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