Individual differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and associated executive dysfunction and traits: Sex, ethnicity, and family income.
Open accessAbstract
The goal of the present investigation was to investigate sex, ethnic, and socioeconomic status (SES) influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and risk markers, including executive dysfunction and temperament traits. Participants were 109 children who were 3 to 6 years old (64% male; 36% ethnic minority) and their primary caregivers and teachers who completed a multistage, multi-informant screening, and diagnostic procedure. Parents completed a diagnostic interview and diagnostic and temperament questionnaires, teachers completed questionnaires, and children completed cognitive control tasks. Because of targeted overrecruitment of clinical cases, 56% of children in the sample were diagnosed with ADHD. Results suggested minimal sex differences, but prominent ethnic differences, in ADHD symptoms and temperament and executive function risk markers. Further, low family income was associated with increased ADHD symptoms and more temperament and executive function risk markers, and low family income explained many ethnic differences in ADHD symptoms and these risk markers. There were prominent interactions among child sex, ethnicity, and family income. Thus, study results suggest that children with multiple individual difference demographic risk factors (e.g., such as being male and ethnic minority) are at highly increased risk of ADHD symptoms and associated risk markers in the temperament and executive function domains.
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This WMH result is inconsistent with other evidence suggesting that adult ADHD is associated with low family income.
“This result is inconsistent with other evidence suggesting that adult ADHD is associated with low family income”
From The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys (2017) · cites this paper as Martel 2013
The Results report lower family income in the ADHD diagnostic groups, and the Discussion links lower family income to increased ADHD symptoms. But the study concerns children, not adults, so it does not establish the claimed association for adult ADHD. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Martel, M. M.
- Affiliations
- LSU New Orleans (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martel, Michelle M.
- ORCID
- Martel, Michelle M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 165-175
- ISSN
- 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0025
- PMC
- PMC4306561
- OpenAlex
- W2032021759
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Sponsor name not included (5R03 HD062599-02)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive dysfunction, temperament traits, sex differences, ethnic minority children, household income, socioeconomic status, cognitive control, early childhood, risk factors, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Social Class, Temperament, Executive Function
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