Personality trait development from age 12 to age 18: Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-cultural analyses
Abstract
Three studies were conducted to assess mean level changes in personality traits during adolescence. Versions of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P. T. Costa, Jr., & R. R. McCrae, 1992a) were used to assess the 5 major personality factors. A 4-year longitudinal study of intellectually gifted students (N = 230) was supplemented by cross-sectional studies of nonselected American (N = 1,959) and Flemish (N = 789) adolescents. Personality factors were reasonably invariant across ages, although rank-order stability of individual differences was low. Neuroticism appeared to increase in girls, and Openness to Experience increased in both boys and girls; mean levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were stable. Results extend knowledge of the developmental curve of personality traits backward from adulthood and help bridge the gap with child temperament studies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Openness to experience increases dramatically between ages 12 to 16, driven primarily by an increased appreciation of aesthetics and alternative value systems.
“Openness to experience, relative to other major personality traits, increases dramatically between ages 12 to 16 (McCrae et al., 2002), driven primarily by an increased appreciation of aesthetics and alternative value systems.”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as McCrae et al., 2002
Cites
Erikson, E. H. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18614668 · Cited by 13,081 · see citing works
The origins of intelligence in children.
Piaget, J. (1952) · doi:10.1037/11494-000 · Cited by 10,687 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · see citing works
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: EMERGENCE OF THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL
Digman, J. M. (1990) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221 · Cited by 6,960 · see citing works
An Introduction to the Five‐Factor Model and Its Applications
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x · Cited by 6,835 · see citing works
Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Third Edition
Byrne, B. M. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315757421 · Cited by 4,653 · see citing works
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., Knight, B. G., & Park, D. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2012-0-07221-3 · Cited by 3,436 · see citing works
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3 · Cited by 3,241 · see citing works
Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings.
Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322 · Cited by 2,986 · see citing works
Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations.
Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.8.594 · Cited by 2,791 · see citing works
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS, GENERAL MENTAL ABILITY, AND CAREER SUCCESS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (1999) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults
Radloff, L. S. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537606 · Cited by 1,997 · see citing works
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Howell, S. C. (1978) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/18.1.89 · Cited by 1,900 · see citing works
Development in Judging Moral Issues
Murphy, H. J., & Rest, J. R. (1980) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · doi:10.2307/1494347 · Cited by 1,832 · see citing works
Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered
Arnett, J. J. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.5.317 · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.122 · Cited by 1,698 · see citing works
Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.4.362 · Cited by 1,653 · see citing works
A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research
Horn, J. L., & Mcardle, J. J. (1992) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610739208253916 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
Personality at the crossroads : current issues in interactional psychology
Magnusson, D., & Endler, N. S. (1977) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 1,460 · see citing works
Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122 · Cited by 1,259 · see citing works
Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.
McCrae, R. R., Paul T., J. C., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x · Cited by 988 · see citing works
The Foundations of Factor Analysis.
Sheth, J. N., & Mulaik, S. A. (1975) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285414 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality From Infancy To Adulthood
Halverson, C. F., Kohnstamm, G. A., Martin, R. P., Halverson, C. F., & Kohnstamm, G. A. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315806853 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Global self-esteem across the life span.
Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
McCrae, R. R., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T., Bond, M. H., & Paunonen, S. V. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.552 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
The child is father of the man: Personality continuities from childhood to adulthood.
Caspi, A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.158 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., de Lima, M. P., Simões, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Marušić, I., Bratko, D., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., et al. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Foundations of Factor Analysis
Mulaik, S. A. (2009) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15851 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study of Personality Change in Young Adulthood
Robins, R. W., Fraley, R. C., Roberts, B. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.694157 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: Three replicable personality types.
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.1.157 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Further specification of the five robust factors of personality.
Digman, J. M., & Inouye, J. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.116 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
The child is father of the man: Personality continuities from childhood to adulthood.
Caspi, A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.158 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
John, O. P., Caspi, A., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00742.x · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: Three replicable personality types.
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., Caspi, A., et al. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.157 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Temperament and Personality Development Across the Life Span
(2000) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410604873 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Trait Psychology and Culture: Exploring Intercultural Comparisons
McCrae, R. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696166 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
A questionnaire for measuring the Big Five in late childhood
Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., Rabasca, A., & Pastorelli, C. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00051-x · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.).
(2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10423-000 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
John, O. P., Caspi, A., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131373 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Personality at Midlife: Stability, Intrinsic Maturation, and Response to Life Events
Costa, P. T., Herbst, J. H., McCrae, R. R., & Siegler, I. C. (2000) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319110000700405 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationStudying lives through time: Personality and development.
(1993) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10127-000 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Personality and Health: Advantages and Limitations of the Five‐Factor Model
Smith, T. W., & Williams, P. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00978.x · Cited by 287 · see citing works
The Phases of Adult Life: A Study in Developmental Psychology
Gould, R. L. (1972) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.129.5.521 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Neugarten, B. L. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 271 · see citing works
How shall we speak of children's personalities in middle childhood? A preliminary taxonomy.
Shiner, R. L. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.308 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Studying personality the long way.
Block, J. H. (1993) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10127-018 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Luby, J. L., Svrakic, D. M., McCallum, K., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1999) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1127 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Major Depression and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Bagby, R. M., Joffe, R. T., Parker, J. D. A., Kalemba, V., & Harkness, K. L. (1995) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1995.9.3.224 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Stability and change in personality from adolescence through adulthood.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1994) · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Emerging Lives, Enduring Dispositions : Personality in Adulthood
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Nature over Nurture: Temperament, Personality, and Life Span Development
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3077.003.0051 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Objective Personality Assessment
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3342-5_5 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077727 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Personality profile of subjects engaged in high physical risk sports
Gomà‐i‐Freixanet, M. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90038-d · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The Natural History of Change to Intellectual Performance: Who Changes? How Much? Is it Meaningful?
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harkness, A. R., & Silva, P. A. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01031.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Assessing Adolescents' Personality with the NEO PI-R
Fruyt, F. D., Mervielde, I., Hoekstra, H. A., & Rolland, J. (2000) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319110000700403 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Trait psychology comes of age.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Construction of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children (HiPIC)
Mervielde, I., & Fruyt, F. D. (1999) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Parental Descriptions of Child Personality
(1998) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601223 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Personality change in women from the early 40s to the early 50s.
Helson, R., & Wink, P. M. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.7.1.46 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Hart, D. A., Hofmann, V., Edelstein, W., & Keller, M. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.195 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Hart, D. A., Hofmann, V., Edelstein, W., & Keller, M. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.2.195 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Personality change in women from the early 40s to the early 50s.
Helson, R., & Wink, P. M. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.7.1.46 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Clinical Psychology of Aging
Storandt, M., Siegler, I. C., & Elias, M. F. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3342-5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The self as a mediator between personality and adjustment.
Graziano, W. G., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Finch, J. F. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.392 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Identity, Self, and Personality: I. Identity Status and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Clancy, S. M., & Dollinger, S. J. (1993) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0303_2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Shame, Guilt, Ego Development and the Five‐Factor Model of Personality
Einstein, D. A., & Lanning, K. (1998) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00024 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
In Search of Coronary Prone Behavior: Beyond Type A.
Kaplan, B. H., Siegman, A. W., & Dembroski, T. M. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074230 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
In Search of Coronary-prone Behavior
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203771679 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Parker, W. D., & Stumpf, H. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00016-6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Westenberg, P. M. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203773925 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
An approach to the attribution of aging, period, and cohort effects.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.238 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Personality Psychology and Problem Behaviors: HIV Risk and the Five‐Factor Model
Trobst, K. K., Wiggins, J. S., Costa, P. T., Herbst, J. H., McCrae, R. R., & Masters, H. (2000) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00133 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of negative affect and self-perceived competence in young adolescents.
Cole, D. A., Peeke, L. G., Dolezal, S., Murray, N., & Canzoniero, A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.4.851 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Openness to Experience and Development of Adult Identity
Tesch, S. A., & Cameron, K. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00455.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The emotional adjustment of gifted adolescents:A view of global functioning
Nail, J. M., & Evans, J. G. (1997) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783199709553845 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Preliminary Validation of Preadolescents' Self-Reports Using the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Markey, P. M., Markey, C. N., Tinsley, B. J., & Ericksen, A. J. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2341 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cross-sequential analysis of adult personality.
Siegler, I. C., George, L. K., & Okun, M. A. (1979) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.15.3.350 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Age changes, cohort differences, and cultural change on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey.
Douglas, K., & Arenberg, D. (1978) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/33.5.737 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Locus of control in adolescence: a longitudinal study.
Kulas, H. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Luby, J. L. (1999) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.84.3.1127-1138 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of negative affect and self-perceived competence in young adolescents.
Cole, D. A., Peeke, L. G., Dolezal, S., et al. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.851 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Schmidt, D. B., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.4.436 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sex differences in depression across the high school to college transition
Gladstone, T. R. G., & Koenig, L. J. (1994) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537634 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Costa, J. R. R. M. P. T. (2000) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410604873-14 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Psychological Adjustment in Mathematically Gifted Students
Parker, W. D. (1996) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698629604000306 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Readability of Normal Personality Inventories
Schinka, J. A., & Borum, R. (1994) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Life experience and mode of coping: Relation to moral judgment in adulthood.
Lonky, E., Kaus, C. R., & Roodin, P. A. (1984) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.6.1159 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
PERSONALITY, LEARNING STYLE AND COGNITVE STYLE PROFILES OF MATHEMATICALLY TALENTED STUDENTS
Mills, C. J. (1993) · European Journal of High Ability · doi:10.1080/0937445930040108 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
van Aken, M. A. G., van Lieshout, C. F. M., & Haselager, G. J. T. (1996) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537386 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Arrindell, W. A., van Faassen, H. K., & Pereira, J. L. (1985) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90083-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gray, J. (2001) · Ubiquity · doi:10.1145/373868.373870 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959 · Cited by 2,197 · see citing works
Public health significance of neuroticism
Lahey, B. B. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0015309 · Cited by 1,901 · see citing works
“…rank-order position relative to other persons, increases with age from adolescence through adulthood (Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000), mean neuroticism scores peak in late adolescence and decline moderately through adulthood (Costa et al., 1986; McCrae et al., 2002; Roberts & Mroczek, 2008).”
BackgroundFood neophobia and ‘picky/fussy’ eating in children: A review
Dovey, T. M., Staples, P. A., Gibson, E. L., & Halford, J. C. G. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.009 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021717 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety
McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00118-1 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024950 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Adolescence as a neurobiological critical period for the development of higher-order cognition
Larsen, B., & Luna, B. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.005 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0314 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
The NEO–PI–3: A More Readable Revised NEO Personality Inventory
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., & Martin, T. (2005) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8403_05 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Creativity
Baer, J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2008) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2008.tb01289.x · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Brezo, J., Paris, J., & Turecki, G. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00702.x · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Kuntsche, E. N., Knibbe, R. A., Gmel, G. E., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.028 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.718 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
The 4 year stability of psychopathic traits in non‐referred youth
Frick, P. J., Kimonis, E. R., Dandreaux, D. M., & Farrell, J. M. (2003) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.568 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
When Machine Learning Meets Privacy: A Survey and Outlook
Liu, B., Ding, M., Shaham, S., Rahayu, W., Farokhi, F., & Lin, Z. (2022) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3436755 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Meeus, W., Van De Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Branje, S. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01492.x · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2008) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/1942-9681.s.1.37 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Maturation of personality in adolescence.
Klimstra, T. A., Hale, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014746 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Fact or fiction: Diagnosing borderline personality disorder in adolescents
Miller, A. L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Jacobson, C. M. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.004 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Five types of personality continuity in childhood and adolescence.
Fruyt, F. D., Bartels, M., Leeuwen, K. G. V., Clercq, B. J. D., Decuyper, M., & Mervielde, I. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.538 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Pittig, A., Treanor, M., LeBeau, R. T., & Craske, M. G. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.015 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Economic costs of neuroticism: a population-based study.
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Penninx, B., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & Beekman, A. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.130 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Neumann, C. S., Kosson, D. S., Forth, A. E., & Hare, R. D. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.142 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Generational differences in workplace behavior
Becton, J. B., Walker, H. J., & Jones‐Farmer, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12208 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Age changes in personality and their origins: Comment on Roberts, Walton, and Viechtbauer (2006).
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.26 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
de Bolle, M., Fruyt, F. D., McCrae, R., Löckenhoff, C., Costa, P., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Ahn, C.-K., Ahn, H.-N., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038497 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Mervielde, I., Clercq, B. J. D., Fruyt, F. D., & Leeuwen, K. G. V. (2005) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.19.2.171.62627 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
OECD (2021) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/92a11084-en · Cited by 363 · see citing works
The Effect of Early Entrepreneurship Education: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment
Huber, L. R., Sloof, R., & van Praag, M. (2012) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.09.002 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
van den Akker, A. L., Deković, M., Asscher, J. J., & Prinzie, P. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037248 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Big Five personality development in adolescence and adulthood
Branje, S., van Lieshout, C. F. M., & Gerris, J. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.596 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Personality development from 12 to 18 years of age: changes in mean levels and structure of traits
Allïk, J., Laidra, K., Realo, A., & Pullmann, H. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.524 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Caspi, A., & Shiner, R. L. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0306 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
The Relationships Between Personality Traits and Students’ Academic Achievement
Hakimi, S., Hejazi, E., & Lavasani, M. G. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.312 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Video Games and Youth Violence: A Prospective Analysis in Adolescents
Ferguson, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9610-x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Hitting the Road to Adulthood: Short-Term Personality Development During a Major Life Transition
Bleidorn, W. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212456707 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Indarti, S., Solimun, S., Fernandes, A. A. R., & Hakim, W. (2017) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-11-2016-0250 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Tackett, J. L., Slobodskaya, H. R., Mar, R. A., Deal, J. E., Halverson, C. F., Baker, S. R., Pavlopoulos, V., & Besevegis, E. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00748.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Small, B. J., Hertzog, C. K., Hultsch, D. F., & Dixon, R. A. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.p166 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Branje, S., van Lieshout, C. F. M., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.615 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Maternal personality, parenting cognitions, and parenting practices.
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C., & Haynes, O. M. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023181 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Gender Stereotypes of Personality
Löckenhoff, C. E., Chan, W., McCrae, R. R., Fruyt, F. D., Jussim, L. J., Bolle, M. D., Costa, P. T., Sutin, A. R., Realo, A., Allïk, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022113520075 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
De Fruyt, F., Van Leeuwen, K., Bagby, R. M., Rolland, J.-P., & Rouillon, F. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.71 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Parental styles, gender and the development of hope and self‐esteem
Heaven, P. C. L., & Ciarrochi, J. (2008) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.699 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Hung, K. H., Gu, F. F., & Yim, C. K. (2007) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400288 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Age Trends and Age Norms for the NEO Personality Inventory-3 in Adolescents and Adults
McCrae, R. R., Martin, T., & Costa, P. T. (2005) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105279724 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Lounsbury, J. W., Saudargas, R. A., Gibson, L. W., & Leong, F. T. L. (2005) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-004-4140-6 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Soto, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12168 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Teachers' implicit personality theories about the gifted: An experimental approach.
Baudson, T. G., & Preckel, F. (2013) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000011 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Cauffman, E. E., Kimonis, E. R., Dmitrieva, J., & Monahan, K. C. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0017367 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Personality factors and alcohol use: A mediator analysis of drinking motives
Kuntsche, E. N., von Fischer, M., & Gmel, G. E. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.009 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Development of Prosociality from Adolescence to Early Adulthood: The Role of Effortful Control
Kanacri, B. P. L., Pastorelli, C., Eisenberg, N., Zuffianò, A., & Caprara, G. V. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Lounsbury, J. W., Hutchens, T. A., & Loveland, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072704270272 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Assessing the Universal Structure of Personality in Early Adolescence
Fruyt, F. D., Bolle, M. D., McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Collaborators of the Adolescent Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109333760 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Göllner, R., Roberts, B. W., Damian, R. I., Lüdtke, O., Jonkmann, K., & Trautwein, U. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12246 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Young Adulthood Is the Crucible of Personality Development
Roberts, B. W., & Davis, J. P. (2016) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696816653052 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Age and gender differences in motivational manifestations of the Big Five from age 16 to 60.
Lehmann, R., Denissen, J. J. A., Allemand, M., & Penke, L. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028277 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift?
Luciana, M., & Collins, P. F. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00252.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Stability and change in adolescents' personality: a longitudinal study
Pullmann, H., Raudsepp, L., & Allïk, J. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.611 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Fruyt, F. D., & Clercq, B. J. D. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153634 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Foundations for Young Adult Success: A Developmental Framework
Nagaoka, J., Farrington, C. A., Ehrlich, S. B., & Heath, R. D. (2015) · doi:10.59656/yd-g1389.001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cholesterol, triglycerides, and the Five-Factor Model of personality
Sutin, A. R., Terracciano, A., Deiana, B., Uda, M., Schlessinger, D., Lakatta, E. G., & Costa Jr., P. T. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.012 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Zeidner, M., & Shani-Zinovich, I. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.007 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Gender Development in Adolescence
Galambos, N. L., Berenbaum, S. A., & McHale, S. M. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001011 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Muris, P., Meesters, C. M. G., & Diederen, R. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.018 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES
Astuti, K. S., & Prabawa, S. P. A. K. U. K. U. H. (2021) · Journal of Humanities and Social Studies · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Adolescent Impulsivity: Findings From a Community Sample
d'Acremont, M., & der Linden, M. V. (2005) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7260-1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Alternative Medicine and Herbal Use Among University Students
Johnson, S. K., & Blanchard, A. (2006) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.55.3.163-168 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Heritability and Longitudinal Stability of Impulsivity in Adolescence
Niv, S., Tuvblad, C., Raine, A., Wang, P., & Baker, L. A. (2011) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-011-9518-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Stressful Events and Temperament Change during Early and Middle Adolescence: The TRAILS Study
Laceulle, O. M., Nederhof, E., Karreman, A., Ormel, J., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2011) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.832 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
When Machine Learning Meets Privacy: A Survey and OutlookPreprint
Liu, B., Ding, M., Shaham, S., Rahayu, W. J., Farokhi, F., & Lin, Z. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.11819 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Personality change across the life span: Insights from a cross‐cultural, longitudinal study
Chopik, W. J., & Kitayama, S. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12332 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Age differences in personality traits across cultures: self‐report and observer perspectives
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Hřebı́čková, M., Urbánek, T., Martin, T., Oryol, V. E., Rukavishnikov, A. A., & Senin, I. G. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.510 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Groeger, J. A. (2006) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2006.012070 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Are Older Adults Wiser Than College Students? A Comparison of Two Age Cohorts
Ardelt, M. (2009) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-009-9088-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Construct Validity of Adolescents’ Self-Reported Big Five Personality Traits
Morizot, J. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114524015 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Martel, M. O., Wasan, A. D., & Edwards, R. R. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12220 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Spinrad, T. L., Gershoff, E. T., Valiente, C., Losoya, S. H., Zhou, Q., Cumberland, A. J., Liew, J., Reiser, M., et al. (2008) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2008.00470.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The development of personality across the lifespan
Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Multigenerational Research in Human Resource Management
Ng, E. S., & Parry, E. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-730120160000034008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Temperament and brain networks of attention
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0254 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hansell, N. K., Wright, M. J., Medland, S. E., Davenport, T. A., Wray, N. R., Martin, N. G., & Hickie, I. B. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002431 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Personality development and problem behavior in Russian children and adolescents
Slobodskaya, H. R., & Akhmetova, O. A. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025409352825 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Talwar, S., Srivastava, S., Sakashita, M., Islam, N., & Dhir, A. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Löckenhoff, C. E., Terracciano, A., Bienvenu, O. J., Patriciu, N. S., Nestadt, G., McCrae, R. R., Eaton, W. W., & Costa, P. T. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reisenzein, R., & Weber, H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Spanish Norms of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory: New Data and Analyses for its Improvement
Manga, D., Ramos, F., & Morán, C. (2004) · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Brand Personality Factor Based Models: A Critical Review
Avis, M. (2012) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2011.08.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Martel, M. M., Goth-Owens, T. L., Martinez‐Torteya, C., & Nigg, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017511 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Rigal, N., Frelut, M., Monneuse, M.-O., Hladik, C. M., Simmen, B., & Pasquet, P. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.01.001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Do the Big-Five Personality Traits Predict Empathic Listening and Assertive Communication?
Sims, C. M. (2016) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2016.1202770 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Effect of Early Entrepreneurship Education: Evidence from a Randomized Field ExperimentPreprint
Huber, L. R., Sloof, R., & van Praag, M. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2044735 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
How can general leadership theories help to expand the knowledge of lean leadership?
Seidel, A., Saurin, T. A., Tortorella, G. L., & Marodin, G. A. (2019) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2019.1612112 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Toward More Readable Big Five Personality Inventories
Mõttus, R., Pullmann, H., & Allïk, J. (2006) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.22.3.149 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Tackett, J. L., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.005 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fildes, A., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Cooke, L. J., Wardle, J., & Llewellyn, C. H. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122945 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Child and Adolescent Predictors of Personality in Early Adulthood
Wängqvist, M., Lamb, M. E., Frisén, A., & Hwang, C. P. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12362 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Preliminary Validation of Preadolescents' Self-Reports Using the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Markey, P. M., Markey, C. N., Tinsley, B. J., & Ericksen, A. J. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2341 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
- Authors
- McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., Parker, W. D., Mills, C. J., De Fruyt, F., & Mervielde, I.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1456-1468
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2069214083
- Cited by
- 499
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 12.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AG999999)
- National Institute on Aging (ZIAAG000180, ZIAAG000183)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescence, Big Five personality traits, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, rank-order stability, gender differences, cross-cultural comparison, Flemish adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Belgium, Child, Child, Gifted, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality Development, Personality Inventory, United States, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
