Prenatal Maternal Stress Predicts Methylation of Genes Regulating the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenocortical System in Mothers and Newborns in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to stress early in life permanently shapes activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the brain. Prenatally, glucocorticoids pass through the placenta to the fetus with postnatal impacts on brain development, birth weight (BW), and HPA axis functioning. Little is known about the biological mechanisms by which prenatal stress affects postnatal functioning. This study addresses this gap by examining the effect of chronic stress and traumatic war-related stress on epigenetic changes in four key genes regulating the HPA axis in neonatal cord blood, placenta, and maternal blood: CRH, CRHBP, NR3C1, and FKBP5. Participants were 24 mother–newborn dyads in the conflict-ridden region of the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. BW data were collected at delivery and maternal interviews were conducted to assess culturally relevant chronic and war-related stressors. Chronic stress and war trauma had widespread effects on HPA axis gene methylation, with significant effects observed at transcription factor binding (TFB) sites in all target genes tested. Some changes in methylation were unique to chronic or war stress, whereas others were observed across both stressor types. Moreover, stress exposures impacted maternal and fetal tissues differently, supporting theoretical models that stress impacts vary according to life phase. Methylation in several NR3C1 and CRH CpG sites, all located at TFB sites, was associated with BW. These findings suggest that prenatal stress exposure impacts development via epigenetic changes in HPA axis genes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Methylation of NR3C1 is linked to impaired stress regulation, increasing susceptibility to chronic stress in individuals and their offspring.
“Methylation of the NR3C1 gene, which encodes the glucocorticoid receptor, has been linked to impaired stress regulation, increasing susceptibility to chronic stress in individuals and their offspring89,90.”
From Resilience and brain health in global populations (2025) · cites this paper as [89]
The Results (page unavailable) associate maternal stress with NR3C1 methylation, and the Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that prenatal stress may affect offspring development through changes in HPA-axis genes. The paper does not establish that NR3C1 methylation impairs stress regulation or increases susceptibility to chronic stress in individuals or their offspring; the Discussion cautions that the functional effects of the methylation changes remain unclear. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNew mothers exposed to war conditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo exhibited different CRH methylation patterns based on the type of stress reported: war stress or chronic stress.
“New mothers exposed to war conditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo exhibited different CRH methylation patterns based on the type of stress reported: war stress or chronic stress, highlighting that the stress type experienced influences the epigenetic change observed (Kertes et al., 2016).”
From The Epigenetics of Anxiety Pathophysiology: A DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Focused Review (2023) · cites this paper as Kertes et al., 2016
The Results (Associations of Stressors and DNA Methylation; page not available) link maternal-blood CRH methylation to both chronic stress and war trauma, but those associations did not survive correction for multiple tests. The Discussion says some methylation effects differed by stressor type, while others overlapped; it does not establish distinct CRH methylation patterns in the mothers for the two stress types. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMaternal psychological distress affects DNA methylation in the corticotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in neonatal cord blood.
“Interestingly, there are reports that maternal psychological distress affects DNA methylation in the corticotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in neonatal cord blood [149], and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in infants [150].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [149]
The Results report that maternal stress was associated with CRH methylation in neonatal cord blood. They also report associations at two NR3C1 sites, but those did not survive correction for multiple testing. The claim presents an effect on both genes more definitively than these results warrant. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2017) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483381411.n168 · Cited by 8,265 · see citing works
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256 · see citing works
Functions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond
Jones, P. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3230 · Cited by 6,061 · see citing works
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881 · see citing works
WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age
de Onís, M. (2006) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x · Cited by 3,991 · see citing works
Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events
Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844845 · Cited by 3,128 · see citing works
Fina, A. D. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315675824-12 · Cited by 2,119 · see citing works
Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene–childhood trauma interactions
Klengel, T., Mehta, D., Anacker, C., Rex-Haffner, M., Pruessner, J. C., Pariante, C. M., Pace, T. W. W., Mercer, K. B., Mayberg, H. S., Bradley, B., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3275 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.3.2.6034 · Cited by 1,432 · see citing works
Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation
Stamm, B. H. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Programming of Offspring Emotionality after Stress Early in Pregnancy
Mueller, B. R., & Bale, T. L. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1424-08.2008 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Binder, E. B. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.021 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids, prenatal stress and the programming of disease
Harris, A., & Seckl, J. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.007 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA axis
Glover, V., O’Connor, T. G., & O’Donnell, K. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.008 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Radtke, K. M., Ruf, M., Gunter, H. M., Dohrmann, K., Schauer, M., Meyer, A., & Elbert, T. (2011) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2011.21 · Cited by 511 · cited 6× · see citing works
“In neonatal cord blood, prenatal maternal anxiety (Hompes et al., 2013), interpartner violence (Radtke et al., 2011), and depressive symptoms (Conradt, Lester, Appleton, Armstrong, & Marsit, 2013; Oberlander et al., 2008) have been associated with methylation within or close to the homologous…”
InfluentialFactors underlying variable DNA methylation in a human community cohort
Lam, L. L., Emberly, E., Fraser, H. B., Neumann, S. M., Chen, E., Miller, G. E., & Kobor, M. S. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1121249109 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Psychobiological allostasis: resistance, resilience and vulnerability
Karatsoreos, I. N., & McEwen, B. S. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.005 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Broad Epigenetic Signature of Maternal Care in the Brain of Adult Rats
McGowan, P. O., Suderman, M., Sasaki, A., Huang, T. C. T., Hallett, M., Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014739 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Language Abilities in Children Who Were Very Preterm and/or Very Low Birth Weight: A Meta-Analysis
Barre, N., Morgan, A. T., Doyle, L. W., & Anderson, P. J. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.10.032 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Johnson, K. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1086 · Cited by 385 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This region is plagued by severe violence against women, including military and civilian-perpetrated rape and other war-related traumas, alongside widespread poverty, political strife, and social injustice contributing to chronic stress (Johnson et al., 2010).”
Recommendations for the design and analysis of epigenome-wide association studies
Michels, K. B., Binder, A. M., Dedeurwaerder, S., Epstein, C. B., Greally, J. M., Gut, I., Houseman, E. A., Izzi, B., Kelsey, K. T., Meissner, A., et al. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2632 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Zhang, T. Y., Labonté, B., Wen, X. L., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.149 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Mulligan, C., D'Errico, N., Stees, J., & Hughes, D. (2012) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.21180 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Self-citationWeder, N., Zhang, H., Jensen, K., Yang, B. Z., Simen, A., Jackowski, A., Lipschitz, D., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Ge, M., Perepletchikova, F., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.025 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk
Yehuda, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2007) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67009-5 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Conradt, E. D., Lester, B. M., Appleton, A. A., Armstrong, D. A., & Marsit, C. J. (2013) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.26634 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Yehuda, R., Cai, G., Golier, J. A., Sarapas, C., Galea, S., Ising, M., Rein, T., Schmeidler, J., Müller-Myhsok, B., Holsboer, F., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.034 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Hompes, T., Izzi, B., Gellens, E., Morreels, M., Fieuws, S., Pexsters, A., Schops, G., Dom, M., Van Bree, R., Freson, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.009 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Naumova, O. Y., Lee, M., Koposov, R. A., Moshe Szyf, A., Dozier, M., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000605 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
Anacker, C., O'Donnell, K. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/canacker · Cited by 237 · cited 3× · see citing works
“An association with lower BW highlights the functional role of NGFI-A, which controls brain glucocorticoid levels and acts as a transcription factor in brain and adrenals (Anacker et al., 2014).”
Entringer, S., Buß, C., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2010) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3283405921 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
McGill, B. E., Bundle, S. F., Yaylaoglu, M., Carson, J. P., Christina Thaller, B., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608702103 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Pai, A. A., Bell, J. T., Marioni, J. C., Pritchard, J. K., & Gilad, Y. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001316 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Exposure to Hurricane Katrina, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Birth Outcomes
Xiong, X., Harville, E. W., Buekens, P. M., Mattison, D. R., Elkind-Hirsch, K. E., & Pridjian, G. C. (2008) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e318180f21c · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Lou, S., Lee, H. M., Qin, H., Li, J., Gao, Z., Liu, X., Chan, L. L., Lam, V. K. L., So, W., Wang, Y., et al. (2014) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0408-0 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Filiberto, A. C., Maccani, M. A., Koestler, D. C., Wilhelm-Benartzi, C. S., Avissar-Whiting, M., Banister, C. E., Gagne, L. A., & Marsit, C. J. (2011) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.6.5.15236 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Fjeldheim, C. B., Nöthling, J., Pretorius, K., Basson, M., Ganasen, K., Heneke, R., Cloete, K. J., & Seedat, S. (2014) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-227x-14-11 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Liang, P., Song, F., Ghosh, S., Morien, E., Qin, M., Mahmood, S., Fujiwara, K., Igarashi, J., Nagase, H., & Held, W. A. (2011) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-231 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Phillips, D. I. W., & Jones, A. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.104695 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Bromer, C., Marsit, C. J., Armstrong, D. A., Padbury, J. F., & Lester, B. M. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21061 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Hogg, K., Blair, J. D., McFadden, D. E., von Dadelszen, P., & Robinson, W. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062969 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Birth Weight and Health and Developmental Outcomes in US Children, 1997–2005
Boulet, S. L., Schieve, L. A., & Boyle, C. A. (2009) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-009-0538-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Yuen, R. K. C., Jiang, R., Peñaherrera, M. S., et al. (2011) · Epigenetics & Chromatin · doi:10.1186/1756-8935-4-10 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rodney, N. C., & Mulligan, C. J. (2014) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22568 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetic Variation in Monozygotic Twins: A Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation in Buccal Cells
van Dongen, J., Ehli, E. A., Slieker, R. C., Bartels, M., Weber, Z. M., Davies, G. E., Slagboom, P. E., Heijmans, B. T., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes5020347 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Impact of Combat Deployment on Psychological and Relationship Health: A Longitudinal Study
Cigrang, J. A., Talcott, G. W., Tatum, J., Baker, M. T., Cassidy, D., Sonnek, S. M., Snyder, D. K., Balderrama‐Durbin, C. M., Heyman, R. E., & Slep, A. M. S. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21890 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kertes, D. A., Kalsi, G., Prescott, C. A., Kuo, P., Patterson, D. G., Walsh, D., Kendler, K. S., & Riley, B. P. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01366.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, L., Sun, Y., Gao, L., Cai, Y.-Y., & Shi, S. (2014) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-014-1296-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yehuda, R., Cai, G., Golier, J. A., Sarapas, C., Galea, S., & ISING, M. (2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e717702011-009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hellhammer, D. H., Meinlschmidt, G., & Kumsta, R. (2013) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.717970140.793468865 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Akana, S. F. (2008) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1120766.577012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2010) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e31820936b2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12784 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
“with differential methylation of the multiple cortisol regulatory genes in placenta and cord blood following birth in mother–infant dyads in the Congo (CRH; NR3C1; FKBP5, a binding protein that reduces transduction of cortisol into cell nuclei; Kertes et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialWu, Y., Lu, Y.-C., Jacobs, M., Pradhan, S., Kapse, K., Zhao, L., Niforatos-Andescavage, N., Vezina, G., du Plessis, A. J., & Limperopoulos, C. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19940 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The epigenetic impacts of social stress: how does social adversity become biologically embedded?
Cunliffe, V. T. (2016) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2016-0075 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Wu, Y., De Asis-Cruz, J., & Limperopoulos, C. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02449-0 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Interestingly, there are reports that maternal psychological distress affects DNA methylation in the corticotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoid receptor gene ( NR3C1 ) in neonatal cord blood [149], and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in infants [150].”
BackgroundTyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., & Parade, S. H. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000870 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Maternal prenatal stress and infant DNA methylation: A systematic review
Sosnowski, D. W., Booth, C., York, T. P., Amstadter, A. B., & Kliewer, W. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21604 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Serpeloni, F., Radtke, K., de Assis, S. G., Henning, F., Nätt, D., & Elbert, T. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.153 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Trauma, psychiatric disorders, and treatment history among pregnant African American women
Powers, A., Woods-Jaeger, B., Stevens, J. S., Bradley, B., Patel, M. B., Joyner, A., Smith, A. K., Jamieson, D. J., Kaslow, N., & Michopoulos, V. (2020) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000507 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…that pregnancy influences the presentation of PTSD symptoms and related fear psychophysiology (Michopoulos et al., 2015; Seng et al., 2010) and stress exposure during gestation increases risk for adverse birth outcomes (e.g., preterm delivery) (Kertes et al., 2016; Koen et al., 2016; Seckl, 2004).”
BackgroundEpigenetic Alterations and Prenatal Maternal Depression
Nemoda, Z., & Szyf, M. (2017) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1081 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Parent, J., Parade, S. H., Laumann, L. E., Ridout, K. K., Yang, B.-Z., Marsit, C. J., Seifer, R., & Tyrka, A. R. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001298 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ramo-Fernández, L., Boeck, C., Koenig, A. M., Schury, K., Binder, E. B., Gündel, H., Fegert, J. M., Karabatsiakis, A., & Kolassa, I.-T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36689-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Prenatal Stress, Mood, and Gray Matter Volume in Young Adulthood
Marečková, K., Klasnja, A., Bencurova, P., Andrýsková, L., Brázdil, M., & Paus, T. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy030 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of traumatic experience in mammals
Švorcová, J. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14010120 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Persaud, N. S., & Cates, H. M. (2023) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0109-21.2021 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Many studies suggest that exposure to a number of stressors in utero, such as maternal hormones released during stress (Xu et al., 2014; Kertes et al., 2016; St-Cyr et al., 2017), depression or anxiety (Vangeel et al.”
BackgroundResilience and brain health in global populations
Udeh-Momoh, C. T., Migeot, J., Blackmon, K., Mielke, M. M., Melloni, M., Cox, L., Yaffe, K., Santamaria-Garcia, H., Stern, Y., & Ibanez, A. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03846-w · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Musanabaganwa, C., Wani, A. H., Donglasan, J., Fatumo, S., Jansen, S., Mutabaruka, J., Rutembesa, E., Uwineza, A., Hermans, E. J., Roozendaal, B., et al. (2022) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2021-0310 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mareckova, K., Miles, A., Andryskova, L., Brazdil, M., & Nikolova, Y. S. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25163 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Abnormal DNA methylation within HPA-axis genes years after paediatric critical illness
Coppens, G., Vanhorebeek, I., Güiza, F., Derese, I., Wouters, P. J., Téblick, A., Dulfer, K., Joosten, K. F., Verbruggen, S. C., & Van den Berghe, G. (2024) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-024-01640-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rudahindwa, S., Mutesa, L., Rutembesa, E., Mutabaruka, J., Qu, A., Wildman, D. E., Jansen, S., & Uddin, M. (2020) · Open Research Africa · doi:10.12688/aasopenres.12848.2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kertes, D. A., Kamin, H. S., Hughes, D. A., Rodney, N. C., Bhatt, S., & Mulligan, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Kertes, Darlene A
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-01-01
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-72
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC4733886
- OpenAlex
- W2264089163
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 15.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NSF (BCS 1231264)
- NIH/NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1 TR000064)
- UF College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
- UF Research Opportunity Seed Fund award
- National Science Foundation (BCS 1231264)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- prenatal stress, maternal stress, combat stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, DNA methylation, epigenetics, glucocorticoid exposure, corticotropin-releasing factor, CRHBP, NR3C1, FKBP5, umbilical cord blood, placenta, birth weight, transcription factor binding sites, mother-newborn dyads, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5, Adult, Carrier Proteins, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Stress, Psychological, Democratic Republic of the Congo, DNA Methylation, Tacrolimus Binding Proteins, Epigenesis, Genetic, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
