Resilience and brain health in global populations

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

At the biological level, resilience is the brain's capacity to adapt to aging and pathology via neuroplasticity, compensation, reserve, and allostasis, allowing sustained function despite biological challenges.

“At the biological level, resilience is the capacity of the brain to adapt to aging and pathology through mechanisms such as neuroplasticity, compensation, reserve and allostasis, allowing sustained function despite biological challenges.”

• cites [4] Stern, Y. et al. A framework for concepts of reserve and resilience in aging. Neurobiol. Aging 124, 100–103 (2023). sourcePartly supported

  The Resilience section defines resilience as the brain’s capacity to maintain cognition and function with aging and disease, and the CR Definition describes mechanisms that help compensate for brain changes. But the paper does not identify neuroplasticity or allostasis as mechanisms of resilience, and its BR Definition says brain reserve does not involve active adaptation. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [32] Pappalettera, C., Carrarini, C., Miraglia, F., Vecchio, F. & Rossini, P. M. Cognitive resilience/reserve: myth or reality? A review of definitions and measurement methods. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 3567–3586 (2024). sourcePartly supported

  The “BRAIN AND CR/RESILIENCE” section describes resilience as sustaining cognition and function despite aging and disease, while the “PATHOLOGICAL BRAIN AGING AND CR” section discusses brain plasticity and compensation. The paper also describes neural reserve, but the passages found do not identify allostasis as a mechanism of resilience (no page numbers provided). (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [33] McEwen, B. S. & Wingfield, J. C. The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm. Behav. 43, 2–15 (2003). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Resilience in brain health is shaped by interrelated biological, psychological, and social constructs.

“For this Review, we build on the notion that resilience in brain health29 is shaped by multiple interrelated constructs including biological (brain plasticity, compensation, allostasis) psychological (cognitive reserve, emotional self-regulation) and social (familial, socioeconomic and cultural protective factors) levels3,30,31.”

• cites [3] Stern, Y. et al. Whitepaper: defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimers Dement. 16, 1305–1311 (2020). sourceSupported
• cites [30] Bartres-Faz, D. et al. Theoretical frameworks and approaches used within the Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors professional interest area of the Alzheimer’s Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment.Alzheimers Dement. 12, e12115 (2020).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [31] McEwen, B. S., Gray, J. & Nasca, C. Recognizing resilience: learning from the effects of stress on the brain. Neurobiol. Stress 1, 1–11 (2015). sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The biological, psychological, and social levels of resilience are interdependent, and their interactions explain individual differences in aging and neurological outcomes.

May combine two claims.

Rising neurological and psychiatric disorders, climate-related stressors, and lingering COVID-19 effects disproportionately affect lower-resource environments.

“The urgency to bridge this gap is further intensified by rising neurological and psychiatric disorders, climate-related stressors and the lingering effects of COVID-19, which disproportionately impact lower-resource environments27,28.”

• cites [27] COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 398, 1700–1712 (2021). sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports a substantial COVID-19-related increase in depressive and anxiety disorders and describes mental-health systems in most countries as under-resourced. It does not address rising neurological disorders or climate-related stressors. It also does not establish that lower-resource environments were disproportionately affected; the Discussion cautions that evidence from low- and middle-income countries was sparse. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [28] Arsenault, C. et al. COVID-19 and resilience of healthcare systems in ten countries. Nat. Med. 28, 1314–1324 (2022). sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page not specified) warns that lasting COVID-19-related declines in healthcare use could harm outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, and the Discussion (page not specified) reports increased depressive and anxiety disorders during the pandemic. The paper does not address climate-related stressors or rising neurological disorders, nor does it establish that all three pressures disproportionately affect lower-resource environments. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Resilience helps mitigate the effects of aging, stress, and disease and supports cognitive vitality across life.

“In the context of lifespan and brain health, resilience has a critical role in mitigating the impacts of aging, stress and disease, promoting cognitive vitality throughout life1–5.”

• cites [1] Marom, S. & Marder, E. A biophysical perspective on the resilience of neuronal excitability across timescales. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 640–652 (2023). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [2] Illes, J. et al. Two-Eyed Seeing and other Indigenous perspectives for neuroscience. Nature 638, 58–68 (2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [3] Stern, Y. et al. Whitepaper: defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimers Dement. 16, 1305–1311 (2020). sourcePartly supported

  The Reserve and Definition of CR sections describe resilience to aging and disease and cognitive processes that help maintain function. The paper also discusses exposures across the lifespan, but it does not establish that resilience mitigates stress or promotes cognitive vitality throughout life; its stated focus is cognitive aging and brain pathology. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [4] Stern, Y. et al. A framework for concepts of reserve and resilience in aging. Neurobiol. Aging 124, 100–103 (2023). sourcePartly supported

  The Resilience section defines resilience as the brain’s capacity to maintain cognition and function with aging and disease. The CR Definition section also describes better-than-expected cognitive performance despite life-course brain changes, injury, or disease. The paper mentions stressors as possible experimental models, but does not establish the broader claim that resilience mitigates stress or promotes cognitive vitality throughout life. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [5] Nature Mental Health. Risks and resilience—rewriting childhood adversity. Nat. Ment. Health 2, 1429–1430 (2024). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Resilience is a multidimensional construct spanning biological, psychological, and social domains and is important for population health, especially brain health.

“Resilience is a multifaceted concept that spans biological, psychological and social domains, and is critical for population health—particularly brain health.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Resilience is the dynamic ability to adapt and thrive in adversity, encompassing biological, psychological and social dimensions.”

• cites [1] Marom, S. & Marder, E. A biophysical perspective on the resilience of neuronal excitability across timescales. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 640–652 (2023). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [2] Illes, J. et al. Two-Eyed Seeing and other Indigenous perspectives for neuroscience. Nature 638, 58–68 (2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [3] Stern, Y. et al. Whitepaper: defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimers Dement. 16, 1305–1311 (2020). sourcePartly supported

  The Reserve section describes resilience as encompassing multiple reserve-related processes and says studying it has implications for policy and intervention. The Definition of CR section discusses innate differences, cognitive processes, and social engagement. The paper does not explicitly frame resilience as spanning biological, psychological, and social domains or establish its importance for population health broadly; it focuses on cognitive aging and brain disease. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [4] Stern, Y. et al. A framework for concepts of reserve and resilience in aging. Neurobiol. Aging 124, 100–103 (2023). sourcePartly supported

  The Resilience section defines resilience broadly in terms of the brain’s capacity to maintain cognition and function during aging and disease, and the Conclusion links the framework to lifelong brain health. The Introduction also notes implications for health education, policy and intervention. But the paper does not characterize resilience as spanning biological, psychological and social domains or make a general claim about population health. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [5] Nature Mental Health. Risks and resilience—rewriting childhood adversity. Nat. Ment. Health 2, 1429–1430 (2024). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

NR3C1 methylation affects glucocorticoid receptor expression, alters HPA axis regulation, and increases stress susceptibility during early development.

“NR3C1 methylation affects glucocorticoid receptor expression, alters HPA axis regulation and increases stress susceptibility during early developmental stages51.”

• cites [51] Wadji, D. L. et al. Child maltreatment and NR3C1 exon 1F methylation, link with deregulated hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and psychopathology: a systematic review. Child Abus. Negl. 122, 105304 (2021). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says environmentally induced NR3C1 exon 1F methylation can reduce gene expression, and section 3.3 links hypermethylation to less glucocorticoid receptor expression, a higher cortisol response, and greater risk of psychopathology. The review presents the HPA-axis mechanism as a possibility rather than an established causal effect. It does not establish that methylation increases stress susceptibility specifically during early development; the Study limitations note that most tissue samples were collected in adulthood, making the timing of the changes difficult to determine. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Pollution, migration, urbanization, and structural inequalities can induce accelerated aging and disrupt reserve-building processes in many regions.

“For instance, pollution, migration, urbanization and structural inequalities can induce accelerated aging23 and disrupt reserve-building processes in many regions.”

• cites [23] Hernandez, H. et al. The exposome of healthy and accelerated aging across 40 countries. Nat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03808-2 (2025). sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) links air pollution, migration and structural socioeconomic inequality to accelerated aging across regions, but describes associations and says adverse exposures may drive aging rather than establishing that they induce it. The searched passages do not identify urbanization as an accelerated-aging factor or show that these exposures disrupt reserve-building processes. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

FKBP5 modulates HPA axis sensitivity and cortisol release; specific variants promote adaptive stress responses with proportional cortisol secretion and efficient downregulation.

“The FKBP5 protein modulates hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis sensitivity, influencing cortisol release in response to stress. Specific FKBP5 variants promote adaptive stress responses, characterized by proportional cortisol secretion and efficient downregulation after exposure, preventing excessive HPA axis activation46,47.”

• cites [46] Zannas, A. S., Wiechmann, T., Gassen, N. C. & Binder, E. B. Gene–stress–epigenetic regulation of FKBP5: clinical and translational implications. Neuropsychopharmacology 41, 261–274 (2016). sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract says FKBP5 modulates glucocorticoid-receptor activity in response to stress, and the FKBP5 Genetic Variation section links its variants to altered HPA-axis feedback and cortisol responses. But that section describes the rs1360780 T allele as associated with prolonged cortisol responses and HPA-axis non-suppression, not the proportional secretion and efficient downregulation attributed to specific variants here. The paper does not establish the claimed adaptive variant response. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [47] Ferrer, A. et al. FKBP5 polymorphisms and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis negative feedback in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 104, 227–234 (2018). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cognitive resilience depends on cognitive reserve to cope with damage through preexisting strategies influenced by education, occupational complexity, and cognitively stimulating activities.

“Cognitive resilience depends on cognitive reserve32 to cope with damage through preexisting strategies influenced by factors such as education, occupational complexity and cognitively stimulating activities3,10,30,36.”

• cites [3] Stern, Y. et al. Whitepaper: defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimers Dement. 16, 1305–1311 (2020). sourceSupported
• cites [10] Gonzalez-Gomez, R. et al. Educational disparities in brain health and dementia across Latin America and the United States. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 5912–5925 (2024). sourcePartly supported

  The Background (page unavailable) describes compensatory educational mechanisms, and the Discussion (page unavailable) discusses cognitive reserve and education’s effects on brain health. These passages support a connection between education and resilience to neurodegeneration, but do not establish the specific claim attached to this citation: that cognitive resilience depends on cognitive reserve. The later list of influencing factors has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [30] Bartres-Faz, D. et al. Theoretical frameworks and approaches used within the Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors professional interest area of the Alzheimer’s Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment.Alzheimers Dement. 12, e12115 (2020).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Systemic inequalities, food insecurity, and poverty can lead to type 1 or type 2 allostatic load, both of which contribute to cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and mental health conditions.

“Systemic inequalities, food insecurity and poverty can lead to type 1 allostatic load (where energy demands exceed reserves)33 or type 2 allostatic load (where excessive energy intake disrupts homeostasis)33 (Fig. 2c), both of which contribute to cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and mental health conditions31,60,69,70.”

• cites [33] McEwen, B. S. & Wingfield, J. C. The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm. Behav. 43, 2–15 (2003). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [31] McEwen, B. S., Gray, J. & Nasca, C. Recognizing resilience: learning from the effects of stress on the brain. Neurobiol. Stress 1, 1–11 (2015). sourcePartly supported

  In “Allostasis, allostatic load and health-related behaviors” (page unavailable), the paper says allostatic overload can accelerate disease development. Other sections discuss cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and depression or anxiety. It does not establish that both type 1 and type 2 allostatic load contribute to all three categories of conditions; the citing sentence attaches this source to the disease clause, not to the definitions of those types. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [60] Karatsoreos, I. N. & McEwen, B. S. Psychobiological allostasis: resistance, resilience and vulnerability. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 576–584 (2011). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Adverse conditions such as pollution, heatwaves, or social isolation contribute to maladaptive epigenetic changes, increased allostatic load, cognitive decline, and diminished resilience.

“Conversely, adverse conditions such as pollution, heatwaves or social isolation contribute to maladaptive epigenetic changes, increased allostatic load, cognitive decline and diminished resilience21,22,63–67.”

• cites [21] Ibanez, A. et al. Neuroecological links of the exposome and One Health. Neuron 112, 1905–1910 (2024). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction links air pollution to cognitive decline, and ‘The social exposome and brain health’ links environmental exposures to epigenetic changes and maladaptive stress responses. That section also discusses extreme weather and social stressors, but does not specifically establish the claimed effects of heatwaves or social isolation, or mention increased allostatic load. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [22] Vineis, P. & Barouki, R. The exposome as the science of social-to-biological transitions. Environ. Int. 165, 107312 (2022). sourcePartly supported

  Section 4, “Exposome and syndemics” (page not provided), associates social inequalities with allostatic load and epigenomic measures of biological ageing. Section 2.2 reports an association between indoor particulate matter and DNA methylation. The paper does not establish the claimed chain from pollution, heatwaves, or social isolation to maladaptive epigenetic changes, cognitive decline, and diminished resilience; the searches did not find heatwaves or social isolation addressed in that connection. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [63] Santamaria-Garcia, H. et al. Allostatic interoceptive overload across psychiatric and neurological conditions. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 28–40 (2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [64] Migeot, J. & Ibáñez, A. in Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (ed. Grafman, J. H.) 204–221 (Elsevier, 2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [65] Hazelton, J. L. et al. Neuroimaging meta-analyses reveal convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition across neurodegenerative diseases. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 1079–1090 (2025). sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) says the cumulative burden of environmental stressors and biological predispositions can lead to allostatic overload. It also reports cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases, but does not link that impairment to pollution, heatwaves, or social isolation, or report maladaptive epigenetic changes or diminished resilience. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [66] Ibanez, A. & Northoff, G. Intrinsic timescales and predictive allostatic interoception in brain health and disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 157, 105510 (2024). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [67] Migeot, J. A., Duran-Aniotz, C. A., Signorelli, C. M., Piguet, O. & Ibanez, A. A predictive coding framework of allostatic-interoceptive overload in frontotemporal dementia. Trends Neurosci. 45, 838–853 (2022). sourcePartly supported

  In “Measurements of allostasis” (page unavailable), the paper says cumulative chronic stress and life events can produce allostatic overload through repeated environmental demands. That supports the allostatic-load component, but the paper does not establish that pollution, heatwaves, or social isolation cause the claimed epigenetic changes, cognitive decline, and diminished resilience. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participatory budgeting initiatives in Brazil empower communities to influence public resource allocation, ensuring equitable access to essential social services.

“Examples include participatory budgeting initiatives in Brazil, which empower communities to influence public resource allocation, ensuring equitable access to essential social services41, as well as community-based health insurance schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa, which pool risks to enhance healthcare accessibility42.”

• cites [41] Abers, R., King, K., Votto, D. & Brandão, I. Porto Alegre: Participatory Budgeting and the Challenge of Sustaining Transformative Change; https://www.wri.org/research/porto-alegre-participatory-budgeting-and-challenge-sustaining-transformative-change (World Resources Institute, 2018). sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract says Porto Alegre residents helped set public-investment priorities, and “Redistributing urban infrastructure and service provision” reports increased services in historically underserved neighborhoods. But this is a case study of Porto Alegre, not Brazilian initiatives generally, and it does not establish that participatory budgeting ensures equitable access to essential services. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Gene-environment interactions are crucial to developing therapies and interventions and are extensively researched in the global south.

“Gene–environment interactions, which are crucial to the development of therapies and interventions, are the subject of extensive research in the global south48.”

• cites [48] Ibanez, A. & Slachevsky, A. Environmental–genetic interactions in ageing and dementia across Latin America. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 20, 571–572 (2024). sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract says studying environmental–genetic interactions in Latin America is important for developing better dementia prevention and treatment strategies. It does not establish that such interactions are already extensively researched across the global south; instead, it calls for further research in Latin America. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In cultural contexts where resilience centers on adaptation and coping, emphasis on enduring adversity may create social expectations that drive emotional suppression, potentially leading to chronic stress.

“However, in cultural contexts where resilience may be centered on adaptation and coping, the emphasis on enduring adversity may create social expectations that drive emotional suppression, potentially leading to chronic stress73.”

• cites [73] Eriksen, S. et al. Adaptation interventions and their effect on vulnerability in developing countries: help, hindrance or irrelevance? World Dev. 141, 105383 (2021). sourceCould not verify

  Section 2.3 discusses ‘coping’ as short-term responses to climate impacts, while section 4.1 discusses the social context of adaptation. Neither addresses cultural expectations to endure adversity, emotional suppression, or chronic stress; searches for those concepts found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Epigenomics studies how environmental factors such as trauma, diet, and social interactions influence gene expression through DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling.

“Epigenomics explores how environmental factors, for example, trauma, diet and social interactions, influence gene expression via mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling50.”

• cites [50] Alegria-Torres, J. A., Baccarelli, A. & Bollati, V. Epigenetics and lifestyle. Epigenomics 3, 267–277 (2011). sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Positive exposures bolster cognitive and brain reserves, strengthen allostatic interoception, and facilitate effective stress regulation, manifesting as improved self-regulation, adaptive coping, and emotional stability.

“They bolster cognitive and brain reserves, strengthen allostatic interoception and facilitate effective stress regulation, manifesting as improved self-regulation, adaptive coping and emotional stability62.”

• cites [62] Chbeir, S. & Carrion, V. Resilience by design: how nature, nurture, environment, and microbiome mitigate stress and allostatic load. World J. Psychiatry 13, 144–159 (2023). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) links supportive relationships and healthy routines to resilience and adaptive coping. The section on psychosocial interventions (page unavailable) says mindfulness improves cognitive functioning and regulates stress responses through brain regions involved in interoception and emotion regulation. The paper does not establish that positive exposures bolster cognitive and brain reserves or specifically strengthen allostatic interoception. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Transcriptomics studies show resilience involves distinct gene expression patterns, such as increased BDNF mRNA after stress, enhancing neuroplasticity.

“Transcriptomics studies show that resilience involves distinct gene expression patterns, such as increased BDNF mRNA expression following stress exposure, enhancing neuroplasticity44.”

• cites [44] Martens, L. et al. Met carriers of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism show reduced Glx/NAA in the pregenual ACC in two independent cohorts. Sci. Rep. 11, 6742 (2021). sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s introductory discussion (indexed under Abstract; page unavailable) describes BDNF as important for neural and synaptic plasticity. It does not report transcriptomics findings, a resilience-related expression pattern, or increased BDNF mRNA after stress exposure; searches for those terms returned no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Allostatic interoception is the brain's ability to anticipate and regulate bodily responses to environmental demands, involving neural, neuroendocrine, and immune mechanisms that enable adaptation.

“Allostatic interoception (Fig. 2a) is the brain’s ability to anticipate and regulate bodily responses to environmental demands and involves neural, neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms that enable adaptation63–68.”

• cites [63] Santamaria-Garcia, H. et al. Allostatic interoceptive overload across psychiatric and neurological conditions. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 28–40 (2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [64] Migeot, J. & Ibáñez, A. in Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (ed. Grafman, J. H.) 204–221 (Elsevier, 2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [65] Hazelton, J. L. et al. Neuroimaging meta-analyses reveal convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition across neurodegenerative diseases. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 1079–1090 (2025). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) describes interoception as the brain anticipating bodily signals and supporting responses to environmental demands. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes internal regulation and mentions neural and immune pathways, but it does not identify neuroendocrine mechanisms; its pathway discussion concerns possible dysfunction in neurodegeneration rather than a general mechanism of adaptation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [66] Ibanez, A. & Northoff, G. Intrinsic timescales and predictive allostatic interoception in brain health and disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 157, 105510 (2024). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [67] Migeot, J. A., Duran-Aniotz, C. A., Signorelli, C. M., Piguet, O. & Ibanez, A. A predictive coding framework of allostatic-interoceptive overload in frontotemporal dementia. Trends Neurosci. 45, 838–853 (2022). sourceSupported
• cites [68] Hazelton, J. L. et al. Altered spatiotemporal brain dynamics of interoception in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. EBioMedicine 113, 105614 (2025). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes allostasis as the brain’s prediction, anticipation, and adaptation to bodily needs, and links allostatic interoception to processing internal and external signals through a brain network (page not provided). It does not state that the process involves neuroendocrine or immune mechanisms, so the full list of mechanisms is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Chronic stress overwhelms adaptive capacity, causing wear and tear on physiological systems and increasing risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and cognitive decline.

“In this state, chronic stress overwhelms the body’s adaptive capacity, causing wear and tear on physiological systems and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and cognitive decline60,69,70.”

• cites [60] Karatsoreos, I. N. & McEwen, B. S. Psychobiological allostasis: resistance, resilience and vulnerability. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 576–584 (2011). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [69] Lenart-Bugla, M. et al. The association between allostatic load and brain: a systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 145, 105917 (2022). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes allostatic load as physiological “wear and tear” from excessive or prolonged stress and says prolonged stress responses may produce metabolic and cardiovascular alterations. It also reports an association between higher allostatic load and declining cognitive function in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis. These passages do not establish increased risk of cardiovascular disease or metabolic disorders, or cognitive decline generally, as the citing sentence states. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [70] Parker, H. W., Abreu, A. M., Sullivan, M. C. & Vadiveloo, M. K. Allostatic load and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med. 63, 131–140 (2022). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) describes allostatic load as stress-related physiological dysregulation, and the Discussion (page unavailable) associates high allostatic load with increased cardiovascular disease mortality. The paper does not establish that chronic stress overwhelms adaptive capacity or causes cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and cognitive decline; its reported outcome is mortality, not those conditions. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chronic stress exposure leads to allostatic load.

May combine two claims.

The Val66Met polymorphism in BDNF affects neuroplasticity; Val carriers show greater adaptability under stress, while Met carriers have reduced plasticity and heightened vulnerability.

“Key genetic variants such as the Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene affect neuroplasticity, with Val carriers showing greater adaptability under stress, while Met carriers exhibit reduced plasticity and heightened vulnerability44.”

• cites [44] Martens, L. et al. Met carriers of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism show reduced Glx/NAA in the pregenual ACC in two independent cohorts. Sci. Rep. 11, 6742 (2021). sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page not provided) links BDNF to neural plasticity and says the Met allele impairs activity-dependent BDNF release. The Discussion (page not provided) reports evidence of increased depression risk for Met carriers, particularly under high stress, but does not establish that Val carriers are more adaptable under stress or that Met carriers are uniformly more vulnerable. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Race is often misconstrued as a biological construct and has nuanced implications for resilience through its intersection with gender and social determinants of health.

“Race, often misconstrued as a biological construct,117 has nuanced implications on resilience, as it intersects with gender and social determinants of health.”

• cites [117] Bryant, B. E., Jordan, A. & Clark, U. S. Race as a social construct in psychiatry research and practice. JAMA Psychiatry 79, 93–94 (2022). sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Urbanization and Westernized lifestyles are eroding protective behaviors and contributing to rising chronic disease burdens.

“However, urbanization and Westernized lifestyles (for example, changes in diet and increased sedentary behavior) are eroding these protective behaviors, contributing to rising chronic disease burdens83,84.”

• cites [83] Monteiro, C. A., Moubarac, J. C., Cannon, G., Ng, S. W. & Popkin, B. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obes. Rev. 14, 21–28 (2013). sourcePartly supported

  The Context section (page unavailable) links urbanization to greater appeal of ready-to-eat products and says these products displace foods and change dietary patterns, with harmful public-health implications. The Background section (page unavailable) reports rising obesity and related chronic diseases alongside food-system changes. The paper does not address increased sedentary behavior or establish that Westernized lifestyles as a whole erode the unspecified protective behaviors. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [84] World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases (2024).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Combined intrinsic capacity domains predict resilience in older adults, are associated with survival in older individuals with cancer, and are mediated by multilevel resilience.

“Combined intrinsic capacity domains predict resilience in older adults129, are associated with survival in older individuals with cancer130 and are mediated by multilevel resilience131.”

• cites [129] Peng, K. Y. et al. Vitality attributes and their associations with intrinsic capacity, resilience, and happiness in community-dwelling adults: Results from Gan-Dau Healthy Longevity Plan Wave 2. J. Nutr. Health Aging 29, 100559 (2025). sourcePartly supported

  The Results section ('Vitality attributes and psychosocial constructs'; page unavailable) reports that several individual attributes of the vitality domain were associated with resilience in community-dwelling adults aged 50 and older. It does not show that combined intrinsic-capacity domains predict resilience; the study examined associations with individual vitality attributes, not prediction by combined domains. The survival and mediation clauses have separate citations and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [130] Maheshwari, S. et al. Intrinsic capacity and survival among older adults with gastrointestinal malignancies: the Cancer and Aging Resilience Evaluation registry. Cancer 130, 3530–3539 (2024). sourceSupported
• cites [131] Chen, Z. J. et al. Resilience-happiness nexus in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: results from Gan-Dau Healthy Longevity Plan. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 116, 105162 (2024). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Traditional scales such as the Connor-Davidson resilience scale were developed in high-income countries and emphasize Western constructs like self-efficacy and individual coping.

“Traditional scales, such as the Connor–Davidson resilience scale126, were developed in high-income countries and emphasize Western constructs like self-efficacy and individual coping125.”

• cites [126] Connor, K. M. & Davidson, J. R. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress. Anxiety 18, 76–82 (2003). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [125] Bhandari, S. & Alonge, O. Measuring the resilience of health systems in low- and middle-income countries: a focus on community resilience. Health Res. Policy Syst. 18, 81 (2020). sourceCould not verify

  The paper’s ‘Relevant frameworks for understanding community resilience in health systems’ section discusses community-level capacities, and its proposed measurement model focuses on low-income settings. Neither passage addresses whether traditional scales were developed in high-income countries or emphasize Western constructs such as self-efficacy and individual coping. Searches for the Connor–Davidson scale and those specific constructs found no passage that settles the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Developing culturally responsive resilience measures involves translation, back-translation, stakeholder engagement, and validation across diverse sociodemographic and clinical populations.

“Developing culturally responsive resilience measures involves translation, back-translation, stakeholder engagement, and validation across diverse sociodemographic and clinical populations127.”

• cites [127] Nguyen, C. M. et al. Neuropsychological application of the International Test Commission Guidelines for Translation and Adapting of Tests. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 30, 621–634 (2024). sourcePartly supported

  The TD-2 guideline supports translation and consultation with people from the target culture, and the Confirmation guidelines call for validation samples representative of intended test users. But the paper addresses neuropsychological tests, not resilience measures. It also says back-translation is considered obsolete for most test-translation purposes, rather than recommending it as a standard step. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Polymorphisms in FADS2 influence omega-3 fatty acid metabolism, impacting synaptic plasticity and stress response mechanisms.

“Additionally, polymorphisms in FADS2 (encoding fatty acid desaturase 2) influence omega-3 fatty acid metabolism, impacting synaptic plasticity and stress response mechanisms95.”

• cites [95] Cutuli, D. Functional and structural benefits induced by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during aging. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 15, 534–542 (2017). sourcePartly supported

  Section 2 (page not provided) reports that omega-3 fatty acids affect synaptic plasticity in aged rodents. It does not link that effect to FADS2 polymorphisms or say that those polymorphisms influence omega-3 metabolism or stress-response mechanisms; searches for FADS2 and desaturase-related genetic variation found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Communal activities, shared caregiving responsibilities, and social cohesion can provide emotional support and practical assistance, buffering stress-related risks.

“Communal activities, shared caregiving responsibilities and social cohesion can provide emotional support and practical assistance, buffering stress-related risks100.”

• cites [100] Basu, D. et al. Building youth and family resilience for better mental health: developing and testing a hybrid model of intervention in low- and middle-income countries. Br. J. Psychiatry 220, 4–6 (2022). sourcePartly supported

  In “A hybrid approach: the role of individual and family factors” (p. 1), the paper identifies family cohesion, family support and community social support as resilience factors, and says families protect and nurture individuals facing adversity. It does not specifically discuss communal activities or shared caregiving responsibilities as sources of emotional support and practical assistance. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Hormesis is a biphasic response in which mild stress exposure enhances physiological defenses and fosters resilience.

“A crucial component of allostasis is hormesis, a biphasic response where mild stress exposure enhances physiological defenses, fostering resilience74,75.”

• cites [74] Calabrese, E. J. & Mattson, M. P. How does hormesis impact biology, toxicology, and medicine? NPJ Aging Mech. Dis. 3, 13 (2017). sourceSupported
• cites [75] Mehdi, M. M., Solanki, P. & Singh, P. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, hormesis and calorie restriction: the current perspective in the biology of aging. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 95, 104413 (2021). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Malnutrition has a substantial impact on brain function, neuroplasticity, and stress regulation.

“A key example is malnutrition, which has a substantial impact on brain function, neuroplasticity and stress regulation87.”

• cites [87] Georgieff, M. K., Brunette, K. E. & Tran, P. V. Early life nutrition and neural plasticity. Dev. Psychopathol. 27, 411–423 (2015). sourcePartly supported

  Section IV says early nutrient deficits can cause acute or chronic brain dysfunction and affect later neural plasticity. Section III discusses altered stress-response regulation as an effect of early-life stress and maternal care, not malnutrition. The cited paper therefore supports the brain-function and neuroplasticity parts, but not the attributed effect on stress regulation; its focus is also early-life nutrition rather than malnutrition at any age. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Nutrient deficiencies prevalent in LMICs can exacerbate allostatic overload by heightening cortisol levels, impairing cognitive function, and increasing stress vulnerability.

“Prevalent in LMICs, nutrient deficiencies can exacerbate allostatic overload by heightening cortisol levels, impairing cognitive function and increasing stress vulnerability88.”

• cites [88] Gibson, E. L. & Green, M. W. Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility. Nutr. Res. Rev. 15, 169–206 (2002). sourcePartly supported

  The review says chronic malnutrition hinders cognition (Nutritional variation v. malnutrition, p. 2) and discusses links between diet, cortisol and responses to stress (Effects of fat, p. 16; Mechanistic implications, p. 22). It does not establish that nutrient deficiencies prevalent in LMICs raise cortisol or exacerbate allostatic overload; it explicitly says chronic malnutrition is outside the review’s focus. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Polymorphisms in MTHFR affect folate metabolism and influence neural development and psychological resilience.

“Similarly, polymorphisms in MTHFR, which affect folate metabolism, influence neural development and psychological resilience97.”

• cites [97] Lacasana, M. et al. Effect on risk of anencephaly of gene-nutrient interactions between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and maternal folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine profile. Public Health Nutr. 15, 1419–1428 (2012). sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s background passages describe MTHFR polymorphisms as reducing enzyme activity involved in folate metabolism and report an association with neural tube defects. Its conclusion addresses maternal folate status and anencephaly risk, a specific developmental outcome. Neither those passages nor the additional search addresses psychological resilience; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Fetal growth has a more enduring effect on late-life brain structure than changes later in life, highlighting the critical role of prenatal and perinatal health in shaping brain reserve.

“Additionally, fetal growth has a more enduring effect on late-life brain structure than changes occurring later in life, highlighting the critical role of prenatal and perinatal health in shaping brain reserve91.”

• cites [91] Walhovd, K. B. et al. Long-term influence of normal variation in neonatal characteristics on human brain development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 20089–20094 (2012). sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports associations between birth weight and brain structure in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults; the Discussion describes a stable influence across that age range and emphasizes pre- and perinatal influences. The paper does not establish an effect on late-life brain structure or compare its endurance with effects of changes occurring later in life. Its relevance to brain reserve is therefore an extrapolation. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Transgender and gender-diverse individuals face distinct brain health challenges, especially in low-resource settings, due to stigma, discrimination, and limited access to care, which can increase allostatic load.

“Transgender and gender-diverse individuals face distinct brain health challenges, especially in low-resource settings due to stigma, discrimination and limited access to care, which can increase allostatic load7.”

• cites [7] Baez, S., Castro-Aldrete, L., Britton, G. B., Ibañez, A. & Santuccione-Chadha, A. Enhancing brain health in the Global South through sex and gender lens. Nat. Ment. Health 2, 1308–1317 (2024). sourcePartly supported

  The “Gender-biased health systems” section says transgender women in the Caribbean face healthcare discrimination that may limit access to brain health services, and that violence against sexual and gender minorities in Southern Africa contributes to chronic stress and poor mental health. The “Making the case for sex and gender” section links inequality to increased allostatic load specifically for women; it does not make that link specifically for transgender and gender-diverse people. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Research on resilience in transgender and gender-diverse individuals is limited.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A holistic, less siloed view can help overcome fragmentation of traditional approaches by bridging scientific precision with culturally grounded strategies.

“However, a more holistic and less siloed view can help overcome the fragmentation of traditional approaches by bridging scientific precision with culturally grounded strategies107, while prioritizing inclusivity and equity.”

• cites [107] Ibanez, A. Inspired by struggle: a personal journey to global precision brain health. iScience 28, 111918 (2025). sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most research on resilience is divided across fields.

May combine two claims.

Social interaction and community engagement contribute to emotional self-regulation and psychological resilience.

“For instance, social interaction and community engagement contribute to emotional self-regulation and psychological resilience133,134,136.”

• cites [133] House, J. S., Landis, K. R. & Umberson, D. Social relationships and health. Science 241, 540–545 (1988). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [134] Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B. & Layton, J. B. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 7, e1000316 (2010). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a stress-buffering model in which social relationships may provide emotional resources and promote adaptive responses to stress. The Discussion (page unavailable) links social relationships to psychological processes such as stress and depression. Neither passage establishes that social interaction or community engagement contributes specifically to emotional self-regulation or psychological resilience; the paper’s meta-analysis examines mortality. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [136] Raghavan, S. S. & Sandanapitchai, P. Cultural predictors of resilience in a multinational sample of trauma survivors. Front. Psychol. 10, 131 (2019). sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says external supports and social context can facilitate resilience after trauma, supporting the claim’s general point about social factors and resilience. It does not establish that social interaction or community engagement specifically contributes to emotional self-regulation; searches for those terms found no such finding. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The planeterranean diet adapts the nutritional principles of the Mediterranean diet to regional contexts, offering a globally adaptable model.

“The ‘planeterranean’ diet152 proposed by the UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, adapts the nutritional principles of the Mediterranean diet to regional contexts, offering a globally adaptable model.”

• cites [152] Colao, A. et al. “Planeterranean” Diet: extending worldwide the health benefits of Mediterranean Diet based on nutritional properties of locally available foods. J. Transl. Med. 20, 232 (2022). sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A synergistic approach highlights broader determinants of resilience, including biological underpinnings, economic inequality, and sociocultural dynamics.

“Unlike reductionist models that isolate specific factors, a synergistic approach141,147 highlights broader determinants of resilience, including biological underpinnings, economic inequality and sociocultural dynamics.”

• cites [141] Ibanez, A., Kringelbach, M. L. & Deco, G. A synergetic turn in cognitive neuroscience of brain diseases. Trends Cogn. Sci. 28, 319–338 (2024). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [147] Ibanez, A. & Zimmer, E. R. Time to synergize mental health with brain health. Nat. Ment. Health 1, 441–443 (2023). sourcePartly supported

  The sections “Shared physiopathological mechanisms” and “From the exposome to social determinants of health” discuss biological pathways, low socioeconomic status, poverty and discrimination as factors in mental and brain health. The paper advocates an integrated approach, but the passages address disease risk and health rather than identifying these factors as determinants of resilience. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Traditional diets rich in whole grains, legumes, and antioxidant-rich foods can reduce neuroinflammation and support biological resilience.

“Traditional diets rich in whole grains, legumes and antioxidant-rich foods can reduce neuroinflammation and support biological resilience155.”

• cites [155] Yu, X., Pu, H. & Voss, M. Overview of anti-inflammatory diets and their promising effects on non-communicable diseases. Br. J. Nutr. 132, 898–918 (2024). sourcePartly supported

  The Cognitive health section (page unavailable) says diets rich in fruits, vegetables and legumes can create a beneficial environment for the brain, and links diet-related inflammation to neurological disorders. The Whole grains section also describes anti-inflammatory effects. The paper does not establish that traditional diets as a whole reduce neuroinflammation or support biological resilience; its use of “resilience” refers to a dietary assessment index, not the body. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Brain maintenance emphasizes mechanisms that prevent or delay pathology onset through environmental influences.

“Brain maintenance also extends these concepts by emphasizing mechanisms that prevent or delay pathology onset through environmental influences35.”

• cites [35] Walhovd, K. B., Lovden, M. & Fjell, A. M. Timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 27, 901–915 (2023). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Compensation involves recruiting alternative neural pathways, and neuroplasticity enables the brain to reorganize and adapt.

“Within this framework, compensation involves recruiting alternative neural pathways, while neuroplasticity enables the brain to reorganize and adapt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

WHO and UN Sustainable Development Goals emphasize system-level resilience as societies' ability to absorb, adapt, and transform during crises.

“The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals highlight system-level resilience—the ability of societies to absorb, adapt and transform in response to crises such as economic downturns, pandemics and environmental challenges19.”

• cites [19] World Health Organization. Strengthening Resilience: a Priority Shared by Health 2020 and the Sustainable Development Goals; https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/372345 (2017).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

5-HTTLPR influences serotonin regulation, and the long allele is linked to improved emotional regulation.

“Other resilience-related polymorphisms include 5-HTTLPR (a polymorphism in the promoter region of the SLC6A4 gene), which influences serotonin regulation, with the long allele linked to improved emotional regulation45.”

• cites [45] Jonassen, R. & Landro, N. I. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR) in emotion processing: implications from current neurobiology. Prog. Neurobiol. 117, 41–53 (2014). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Adverse conditions result in heightened stress reactivity, reduced coping capacity, and emotional dysregulation, amplifying health risks and vulnerability across the lifespan.

“This results in heightened stress reactivity, reduced coping capacity and emotional dysregulation, amplifying health risks and vulnerability across the lifespan.”

May combine two claims.

Epigenetic aging clocks indicate that early-life adversity accelerates aging and leads to poorer long-term health.

“Epigenetic aging clocks, such as DNA methylation-based measures, indicate that early-life adversity accelerates aging, leading to poorer long-term health52.”

• cites [52] Horvath, S. & Raj, K. DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing. Nat. Rev. Genet. 19, 371–384 (2018). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Community-based health insurance schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa pool risks to enhance healthcare accessibility.

“Examples include participatory budgeting initiatives in Brazil, which empower communities to influence public resource allocation, ensuring equitable access to essential social services41, as well as community-based health insurance schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa, which pool risks to enhance healthcare accessibility42.”

• cites [42] Artignan, J. & Bellanger, M. Does community-based health insurance improve access to care in sub-Saharan Africa? A rapid review. Health Policy Plan 36, 572–584 (2021). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The interplay between multimodal resilience and allostatic interoception offers a new framework for understanding brain health.

“The interplay between multimodal resilience and allostatic interoception offers a new framework for understanding brain health (Fig. 2b,c).”

May combine two claims.

The CARDIA study links childhood adversity to accelerated epigenetic aging and increased cardiovascular and cognitive risks in midlife.

“Evidence from the CARDIA study links childhood adversity to accelerated epigenetic aging and increased cardiovascular and cognitive risks in midlife53.”

• cites [53] Lloyd-Jones, D. M. et al. The Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) Study: JACC Focus Seminar 8/8. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 78, 260–277 (2021). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Metabolomics highlights roles of neurotransmitter metabolites such as glutamate, GABA, and dopamine derivatives in stress adaptation; increased glutamate turnover is linked to neuroplasticity, and balanced GABAergic signaling aids stress recovery.

“Metabolomics highlights the role of neurotransmitter metabolites such as glutamate, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) and dopamine derivatives in stress adaptation55; for example, increased glutamate turnover is linked to neuroplasticity, whereas balanced GABAergic signaling aids stress recovery55,56.”

• cites [55] Mora, F., Segovia, G., Del Arco, A., de Blas, M. & Garrido, P. Stress, neurotransmitters, corticosterone and body–brain integration. Brain Res. 1476, 71–85 (2012). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [56] Algaidi, S. A. Chronic stress-induced neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex: Structural, functional, and molecular mechanisms from development to aging. Brain Res. 1851, 149461 (2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Chronic HPA axis activation impairs memory, but adaptive coping strategies and social support modulate stress responses, reducing allostatic load and enhancing resilience.

“For example, chronic HPA axis activation impairs memory, yet adaptive coping strategies and social support modulate stress responses, reducing allostatic load and enhancing resilience30,63,64.”

• cites [30] Bartres-Faz, D. et al. Theoretical frameworks and approaches used within the Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors professional interest area of the Alzheimer’s Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment.Alzheimers Dement. 12, e12115 (2020).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [63] Santamaria-Garcia, H. et al. Allostatic interoceptive overload across psychiatric and neurological conditions. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 28–40 (2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [64] Migeot, J. & Ibáñez, A. in Encyclopedia of the Human Brain (ed. Grafman, J. H.) 204–221 (Elsevier, 2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Emotional resilience is supported by affective systems and involves optimism, emotional self-regulation, metacognition, and adaptability, and is shaped by cultural constructs.

“Emotional resilience is supported by the brain’s affective systems and involves traits such as optimism, emotional self-regulation, metacognition and adaptability; and it is also shaped by cultural constructs17.”

• cites [17] Campos, B., Ullman, J. B., Aguilera, A. & Dunkel Schetter, C. Familism and psychological health: the intervening role of closeness and social support. Cultur. Divers. Ethnic Minor. Psychol. 20, 191–201 (2014). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The WHO intrinsic capacity framework's focus on functional abilities rather than culturally bound behaviors makes it highly adaptable across diverse contexts.

“Its focus on functional abilities rather than culturally bound behaviors makes it highly adaptable across diverse contexts.”

May combine two claims.

Resilience varies across the lifespan, shaped by developmental transitions, environmental exposures, and sociocultural contexts.

“Resilience varies across the lifespan119 (Fig. 1b), shaped by developmental transitions, environmental exposures and sociocultural contexts.”

• cites [119] Sorond, F. A. & Gorelick, P. B. Brain reserve, resilience, and cognitive stimulation across the lifespan: how do these factors influence risk of cognitive impairment and the dementias? Clin. Geriatr. Med. 39, 151–160 (2023). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

African and Afro-diasporic communities, as well as Latino and Asian groups, benefit from multigenerational living arrangements and communal caregiving models that support cognitive well-being.

“African and Afro-diasporic communities (also in Latinos and Asian groups) benefit from multigenerational living arrangements and communal caregiving models that support cognitive well-being2.”

• cites [2] Illes, J. et al. Two-Eyed Seeing and other Indigenous perspectives for neuroscience. Nature 638, 58–68 (2025). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Reducing teratogenic exposures such as maternal malnutrition, infections, and environmental toxins and addressing perinatal health disparities can improve brain reserve across the lifespan.

“Thus, reducing teratogenic exposures, such as those related to maternal malnutrition, infections and environmental toxins, and addressing perinatal health disparities, can improve brain reserve across the lifespan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Men often face cultural pressures to be providers and protectors, which can limit their willingness to seek help and negatively affect resilience mechanisms.

“Conversely, men often face cultural pressures to be providers and protectors, potentially limiting their willingness to seek help and negatively affecting resilience mechanisms.”

May combine two claims.

Adequate folate intake through fortification or supplementation can mitigate risks associated with MTHFR polymorphisms, emphasizing the need to integrate genetic insights into nutritional strategies.

“Adequate folate intake through fortification or supplementation can mitigate these risks, emphasizing the need to integrate genetic insights into nutritional strategies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Allostasis is a comprehensive model for assessing resilience because it integrates physiological, psychological, and environmental factors.

“In this light, allostasis emerges as a comprehensive model for assessing resilience, as it integrates physiological, psychological and environmental factors.”

May combine two claims.

Deficiencies in zinc, iodine, and vitamins A, B12, and D are associated with reduced brain volume, impaired myelination, reduced neuroplasticity, learning difficulties, lower IQ, and decreased cognitive resilience.

“zinc, iodine and vitamins A, B12 and D are linked to reduced brain volume, impaired myelination and reduced neuroplasticity, leading to learning difficulties, lower IQ scores and decreased cognitive resilience98.”

• cites [98] McEvoy, J. A.-O. et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur. Heart J. 45, 3912–4018 (2024). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The WHO intrinsic capacity framework considers resilience through five domains: cognition, mobility, vitality, sensory function, and psychological well-being.

“This framework128 considers resilience through five domains: cognition (memory, attention, problem-solving), mobility (movement and balance), vitality (energy levels, nutrition), sensory function (vision, hearing) and psychological well-being (emotional and mental health)128.”

• cites [128] World Health Organization. World Report on Ageing and Health https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565042 (2015).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Traditional resilience scales are easy to administer and validate in specific contexts but have limited applicability in majority world settings.

“While they are easy to administer and validate in specific contexts, their applicability in majority world settings is limited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Assessing resilience across diverse cultural contexts requires reliable, culturally appropriate measurement tools.

“Assessing resilience across diverse cultural contexts requires reliable, culturally appropriate measurement tools.”

May combine two claims.

Direct translations of resilience scales may not convey the intended meaning of items, and some concepts may lack equivalents in other languages.

“Direct translations may not convey the intended meaning of items, and some concepts may lack equivalents in other languages (for example, ‘bouncing back’ after stress).”

May combine two claims.

Poor nutritional status disrupts the HPA axis, increasing cortisol production and allostatic load while reducing stress resilience.

“Poor nutritional status also disrupts the HPA axis, resulting in heightened cortisol production, increased allostatic load and diminished resilience to stress60.”

• cites [60] Karatsoreos, I. N. & McEwen, B. S. Psychobiological allostasis: resistance, resilience and vulnerability. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 576–584 (2011). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

mTOR integrates nutrient signals like amino acids and glucose and is crucial for synaptic growth and adaptive plasticity; its suppression in undernourished populations limits the brain's capacity to adapt.

“mTOR, which integrates nutrient signals like amino acids and glucose, is crucial for synaptic growth and adaptive plasticity; its suppression in undernourished populations limits the brain’s capacity to adapt94.”

• cites [94] Laplante, M. & Sabatini, D. M. mTOR signaling in growth control and disease. Cell 149, 274–293 (2012). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Resilience is a dynamic balance rather than an unyielding trait.

“Resilience should be viewed as a dynamic balance rather than an unyielding trait.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Computational frameworks' application in resource-limited settings is constrained by technical expertise and infrastructure requirements.

“Although these methods provide objective data, their application in resource-limited settings is constrained by technical expertise and infrastructure requirements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A multimodal, synergetic approach to resilience combining biological, cognitive, psychological, social, and environmental strategies is both practical and scalable.

“A multimodal, synergetic approach to resilience—combining biological, cognitive, psychological, social and environmental strategies—is both practical and scalable.”

May combine two claims.

Wearable devices offer real-time monitoring and continuous data collection of physiological resilience markers such as heart rate variability, sleep patterns, and activity levels, which are beneficial for early detection and dynamic monitoring of stress recovery.

“Wearable devices offer real-time monitoring and continuous data collection of physiological resilience markers such as heart rate variability, sleep patterns and activity levels, which are beneficial for early detection and dynamic monitoring of stress recovery.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Nurturing Care Framework emphasizes safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning.

“The Nurturing Care Framework, developed by the WHO, UNICEF and the World Bank Group156, emphasizes safety, responsive caregiving and early learning.”

• cites [156] World Health Organization. Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development: a Framework for Helping Children Survive and Thrive to Transform Health and Human Potential; https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514064 (2018).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Enhancing resilience and addressing allostatic interoceptive overload in low-resource settings requires multidimensional methods, multicomponent interventions, and translational efforts.

“Enhancing resilience and addressing allostatic interoceptive overload in low-resource settings requires multidimensional methods, multicomponent interventions and translational efforts.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Substantial research and policy gaps remain in brain health and resilience.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Precision health strategies integrating individual variability, environmental exposures, and cultural contexts offer promising pathways to enhance resilience and guide targeted interventions and policy reforms.

“Precision health strategies integrating individual variability, environmental exposures and cultural contexts offer promising pathways to enhance resilience and guide targeted interventions and policy reforms.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Substantial research and policy gaps remain in brain health and resilience.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning are key components for fostering lifelong brain health and psychological reserve.

“These are key components for fostering lifelong brain health and psychological reserve.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Poverty is a critical neurobiological disruptor.

“Poverty, often treated as contextual background, must be recognized as a critical neurobiological disruptor.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Conventional psychological scales fail to capture the complex, multimodal nature of resilience.

“Conventional psychological scales fail to capture the complex, multimodal nature of resilience.”