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Maternal Sensitivity Predicts Child Attachment in a Non-Western Context: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study of Chinese Families

Waters, Theodore E A, Yang, Rui, Gu, Yufei, Zhu, Victoria, Cui, Lixian, Li, Xuan, Way, Niobe, Yoshikawa, Hirokazu, Chen, Xinyin, Okazaki, Sumie, Bernard, Kristen, Zhang, Guangzhen, Liang, Zongbao·2025·Child Development
DOI 10.1111/cdev.14256
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Abstract

Despite the long-standing debate over the assumed universality of maternal sensitivity predicting attachment security (i.e., sensitivity hypothesis), few long-term longitudinal investigations on attachment have been conducted outside the Western context. We leveraged data from a prospective 9-year longitudinal study of middle-class families (N = 356; female = 48.9%) in China to examine if early maternal sensitivity predicts attachment representations in middle childhood. Maternal sensitivity was assessed from lab-based observed interactions at 14 and 24 months. At 10 years old, children completed the Chinese version of the Attachment Script Assessment. Maternal sensitivity positively predicted the child's attachment representations at age 10 years (β = 0.20, p < 0.01). These results supported the view that maternal sensitivity is prospectively related to secure attachment across cultures.

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Metadata

Authors
Waters, T. E. A., Yang, R., Gu, Y., Zhu, V., Cui, L., Li, X., Way, N., Yoshikawa, H., Chen, X., Okazaki, S., Bernard, K., Zhang, G., & Liang, Z.
Venue
Child Development
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2025-08-26
Volume
96
Issue
5
Pages
1575-1589
ISSN
  • 0009-3920
  • 1467-8624
DOI
10.1111/cdev.14256
Cited by
4
References
7
Language
en
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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Maternal Sensitivity Predicts Child Attachment in a Non-Western Context: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study of Chinese Families. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/cdev.14256
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Waters, T. E. A., Yang, R., Gu, Y., Zhu, V., Cui, L., Li, X., Way, N., Yoshikawa, H., Chen, X., Okazaki, S., Bernard, K., Zhang, G., & Liang, Z. (2025). Maternal Sensitivity Predicts Child Attachment in a Non-Western Context: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study of Chinese Families. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14256