The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: A meta-analytic study
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analytic review examines the association between attachment during the early life course and social competence with peers during childhood, and compares the strength of this association with those for externalizing and internalizing symptomatology. Based on 80 independent samples (N = 4441), the association between security and peer competence was significant (d = 0.39, CI 0.32; 0.47) and not moderated by the age at which peer competence was assessed. Avoidance (d = 0.17, CI 0.05; 0.30), resistance (d = 0.29, CI 0.09; 0.48), and disorganization (d = 0.25, CI 0.10; 0.40) were significantly associated with lower peer competence. Attachment security was significantly more strongly associated with peer competence than internalizing (but not externalizing) symptomatology. Discussion focuses on the significance of early attachment for the development of peer competence versus externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.
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Empirical evidence indicates that secure peer attachment is associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and with lower levels of aggression and other externalizing problems.
“Empirical evidence indicates that secure peer attachment is associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and with lower levels of aggression and other externalizing problems (Rajchert, 2015; Peng et al., 2021; Groh et al., 2014).”
From Peer Attachment and Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Positive Legal Emotion and the Moderating Effect of Social Exclusion (2026) · cites this paper as Groh et al., 2014
The Abstract reports that early attachment security is associated with greater social competence with peers, and the Results compare its association with externalizing problems; the Discussion notes that those problems include aggression. But the attachment studied is early parent–child attachment, not secure attachment to peers, and the paper does not establish a separate finding for prosocial behavior. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Moss, E., Parent, S., Gosselin, C., Rousseau, D. M., & St‐Laurent, D. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007240 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Attachment, parenting, and peer interactions of toddler children.
Fagot, B. I. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.3.489 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…was assessed using questionnaires completed by parents (e.g., Hubbs-Tait, Osofsky, Hann, & McDonald Culp, 1994), teachers/caregivers (e.g., Fagot, 1997), and/or target child (e.g., Bystritsky, 1999); sociometric ratings completed by peers either alone (Veríssimo et al., 2011) or in…”
MethodAttachment, parenting, and peer interactions of toddler children.
Fagot, B. I. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.3.489 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Freitag, M. K., Belsky, J., Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., & Scheuerer‐Englisch, H. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01806.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
McElwain, N. L., & Volling, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407504045892 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cassibba, R., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & D’Odorico, L. (2000) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502500383377 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Predicting Behavior Problems and Social Competence in Children of Adolescent Mothers
Hubbs‐Tait, L., Osofsky, J. D., Hann, D. M., & Culp, A. M. (1994) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/585376 · Cited by 72 · cited 2× · see citing works
“(2001) appears to have missed some studies, the majority of which produced weak, non-significant effects (e.g., Clarke-Stewart, 1981; Hubbs-Tait et al., 1994).”
ResultBooth, C. L., Rubin, K. H., & Rose‐Krasnor, L. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06200.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., & Kindler, H. (2005) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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“, Bystritsky, 1999); sociometric ratings completed by peers either alone (Veríssimo et al., 2011) or in combination with the target child (e.”
BackgroundSocial Development in Infant Twins: Peer and Mother-Child Relationships
Vandell, D. L., Owen, M. T., Wilson, K. S., & Henderson, V. K. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130398 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Is early attachment security carried forward into relationships with preschool peers?
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Roots of mental illness in children.
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“…be included in a meta-analysis more than once, the papers that reported on the earliest outcome assessment were included in our meta-analysis (e.g., Bureau & Moss, 2010), except when the earliest outcome assessment focused on a sub-sample of participants from the larger longitudinal sample (e.g.,…”
BackgroundResultFreitag, M. K., Belsky, J., Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., & Scheuerer‐Englisch, H. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131710 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kerns, K. A. (1994) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407594113004 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, the prior meta-analysis included some articles not included in the current review because they drew on data from the overlapping samples (e.g., Kerns, 1994; Park & Waters, 1989) or the attachment assessment did not meet our inclusion criteria (e.g., self-report; Kerns et al., 1996).”
MethodLaible, D. (2006) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2006.0035 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Sroufe, L. A. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.413 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Contrary to some theorizing and evidence (Carlson, 1998; Sroufe, 2003), we found that disorganization (d = 0.34) and avoidance (d = 0.12) – but not resistance (d = 0.11, ns) – significantly predicted externalizing symptoms, and that avoidance (d = 0.17) – but not resistance (d = 0.03, ns) or…”
ResultInfluentialResearch and Clinical Center for Child Development Annual Report, 2001-2002.
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Developmental Follow-Up of 6–7 Year Old Children of Mothers Employed During Their Infancies
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Howes, C. H. (1991) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839108403663 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the relevant information, but other data relevant to the meta-analysis were available in the published literature (e.g., authors no longer had access to sociometric data (Howes, 1991), but complete observational data were available in the literature (Howes, Rodning, Galluzzo, & Myers, 1990)).”
Backgroundhild's Attachment to Mother as the Basis of Mental Development Typology
Burmenskaya, G. V. (2009) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2009.0019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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DOES QUALITY OF ATTACHMENT IN A STRANGE SITUATION RELATE TO LATER COMPETENCE IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
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Bindung, Gehemmtheit, soziale Netzwerke und die Entwicklung sozialer Beziehungen im Kindergarten
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Balentine, A. C. (2007) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Child attachment security, attachment representations and social competence in early school years
Kaloustian, G. (2008) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- Adams BL An investigation of the interrelationships among security of attachment, parenting attitudes, and the development of competence Doctoral dissertation 1994 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Adamson L The relationship between attachment and social competence in peer relations in early childhood Doctoral dissertation 1990 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Agnor CJ A proposed model of friendship quality and attachment in preschool children Doctoral dissertation 2009 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Burns SR Attachment security as a predictor of preschoolers’ prosocial responses to mothers and peers Doctoral dissertation 2002 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Bystritsky M Relations among attachment quality, parenting style, quality of family environment, and social adjustment Doctoral dissertation 1999 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses database.
- Cohn DA Security of attachment at six years of age and peer social competence in first-grade Doctoral dissertation 1988 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Cutler KM-Z Parent-child attachment and communication styles: Relations with preschoolers’ peer communication styles Doctoral dissertation 1995 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Goldetsky GL Attachment and the development of peer-related social competency from the toddler period to the preschool period Doctoral dissertation 1999 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- LaFrenière PJ From attachment to peer relations: An analysis of individual differences in social adaptation to the preschool group Doctoral dissertation 1982 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Lamarca PM An investigation of peer social relationships and self-awareness of preschool age children Doctoral Dissertation 1995 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Mallik SA Attachment quality, joint attention, and behavior outcome in infants prenatally exposed to cocaine Doctoral dissertation 2000 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Milligan KV Attachment security and friendship quality in early childhood: A theoretical and methodological reconceptualization Doctoral dissertation 2004 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Pancake VR Quality of attachment in infancy as a predictor of hostility and emotional distance in preschool peer relationships Doctoral dissertation 1988 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Pitterle P The relationship between attachment and social-emotional adaptation and self-esteem in the preschool years Doctoral dissertation 2003 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Regan CL Continuity in children’s family and friendship relationships. Systematic biases in perceptions and interpretations as a possible mechanism of transmission: An attachment theory perspective Doctoral dissertation 1996 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Ritchie SA Attachment relationships of substance-exposed children with their caregivers and their teachers Doctoral dissertation 1995 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Silverman N Attachment, maternal behavior and preschool competence at age three Doctoral dissertation 1990 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Sroufe LA Perlmutter M Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology 1983 Vol. 16 Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum 41 81
- Thompson SL The social skills of previously institutionalized children adopted from Romania Doctoral dissertation 2000 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Walls ME Multiple predictors of mother-child attachment and peer competency during the preschool years Doctoral dissertation 1997 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Weatherill RP Does the mother-child relationship moderate the effects of domestic violence on preschool behavior problems and social competence? Doctoral dissertation 2007 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
- Wu F Social competency of only-children in China: Associations among maternal attachment, teacher attachment, and peer relationships Doctoral dissertation 1992 Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. M. P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2017) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12213 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
“to include in the meta-analysis (11) or the few studies limited the conclusions we could draw (10, 12, 13).”
BackgroundLong-term Cognitive, Psychological, and Health Outcomes Associated With Child Abuse and Neglect
Strathearn, L., Giannotti, M., Mills, R., Kisely, S., Najman, J., & Abajobir, A. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0438 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Granqvist, P., Sroufe, L. A., Dozier, M., Hesse, E., Steele, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Solomon, J., Schuengel, C., Fearon, P. R. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., et al. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1354040 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
“…caregiver is best thought of as a risk factor for later social and externalizing problems, contributing as one factor among many others (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Groh, Fearon, IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Roisman, 2017).”
Schoeler, T., Duncan, L., Cecil, C. A. M., Ploubidis, G. B., & Pingault, J. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000171 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“Research on child development has also emphasized the importance of assessing the stability of effects of early life adversities over time (Fearon, Bakermans‐ Kranenburg, Van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Fraley, Roisman, & Haltigan, 2013; Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundParenting and Child Development: A Relational Health Perspective
Frosch, C. A., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & O’Banion, D. (2019) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827619849028 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“associated with a range of positive social and emotional outcomes in children.(12,13)”
BackgroundAttachment theory: progress and future directions.
Fearon, R. P. P., & Roisman, G. I. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Adult attachment representations and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis
Dagan, O., Facompré, C. R., & Bernard, K. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.091 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Rethinking and Updating Demographic Questions: Guidance to Improve Descriptions of Research Samples
Hughes, J. L., Camden, A. A., & Yangchen, T. (2016) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn21.3.138 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Van Dam, L., Smit, D., Wildschut, B., Branje, S. J. T., Rhodes, J. E., Assink, M., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12248 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Subsequently, these secure working models of attachment may result in positive youth outcomes in several domains of functioning (e.g., Groh et al., 2014) or buffer against psychosocial problems (Colonnesi et al., 2011; Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Hoeve et…”
BackgroundJuffer, F., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Metaanalytic research has confirmed that securely attached children show more social competence and fewer externalizing and internalizing behavior problems than insecurely attached children [9, 10, 11].”
BackgroundDoyle, C., & Cicchetti, D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12192 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“The literature provides strong support for the cumulative and hierarchical depiction of social adaptation/ maladaptation across development following differences in early caregiving experiences (see Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundEarly Attachment Network with Mother and Father: An Unsettled Issue
Dagan, O., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2017) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12272 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Long, M., Verbeke, W., Ein‐Dor, T., & Vrtička, P. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.01.010 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The building blocks of social competence: Contributions of the Consortium of Individual Development
Junge, C., Valkenburg, P. M., Deković, M., & Branje, S. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100861 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“There is ample evidence that both parents’ (Feldman et al., 2013; Groh et al., 2014) as well as teachers’ characteristics (Wentzel, 2009) provide opportunities of interactions that contribute to a child’s social competence.”
BackgroundAttachment in institutionalized children: A review and meta-analysis
Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Barone, L. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.013 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Mitić, M., Woodcock, K. A., Amering, M., Krammer, I., Stiehl, K. A. M., Zehetmayer, S., & Schrank, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589403 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“However, as discussed above—parental attachment, support, and positive parenting are crucial for the development of all self-building blocks (Groh et al., 2012, 2014; Hoeve et al., 2012; Madigan et al., 2013; Orth and Robins, 2019) and may even have a direct influence on SPR.”
BackgroundHernández, J. A. R., Zafra, E. M., Llor‐Esteban, B., & Jiménez‐Barbero, J. A. (2018) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.5093/ejpalc2018a11 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Some authors begin to be interested in fathers’ and mothers’ behavior separately, arguing that there is evidence that the association between parenting style and children’s externalizing behaviors may vary as a function of parents’ sex (Casas et al., 2006; Groh et al., 2014; Hart, Nelson, Robinson, Olsen, & McNeilly-C…”
BackgroundAttachment and Temperament in the Early Life Course: A Meta-Analytic Review
Groh, A. M., Narayan, A. J., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Roisman, G. I., Vaughn, B. E., Fearon, P. R. M., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12677 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“As in Fearon et al. (2010) and Groh et al. (2012, 2014), we analyzed (publicly available) raw data pertinent to the aims of this meta-analysis from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development to examine associations between attachment and temperament within subsamples (e.g., low vs.…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHefner, D., Knop, K., Schmitt, S., & Vorderer, P. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1433544 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…attachment of children to their parents can influence a healthy use of the mobile phone: By facilitating the development of (a) self-regulation (e.g., Mikulincer et al., 2003), (b) social competence (Groh et al., 2014), and (c) positive and secure social relationships (e.g., Furman et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodAttention to Faces Expressing Negative Emotion at 7 Months Predicts Attachment Security at 14 Months
Peltola, M. J., Forssman, L., Puura, K., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Leppänen, J. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12380 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“, 1978; Bernier, Matte-Gagn e, B elanger, & Whipple, 2014; De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997), and provided evidence for an enduring impact of attachment security on a range of measures of social adaptation such as externalizing and internalizing problems, social competence, and emotion regulation (Fearon, Bakermans-Kra…”
Maternal depression and infant attachment security: A meta‐analysis
Barnes, J., & Theule, J. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21812 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of parenting interventions in foster care and adoption
Schoemaker, N. K., Wentholt, W. G. M., Goemans, A., Vermeer, H. J., Juffer, F., & Alink, L. R. A. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000798 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“…& Fearon, 2012; Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005; van IJzendoorn, Schuengel, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 1999), whereas a secure attachment relationship promotes a more optimal social development, as well as adaptability and resilience in children (Groh et al., 2014; Sroufe et al., 2005).”
BackgroundGreen, C. J., Kalvaitis, D., & Worster, A. M. (2015) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2015.1072136 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…who form secure attachments with caregivers are more confident, competent, and often display better social interactions with peers later in life (Groh et al. 2014), children who develop trusting relationships and secure bonds with nature will be eager to explore and act for the environment in…”
Backgroundvan der Voort, A., Juffer, F., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-12-2013-0038 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Waters, T. E. A., Bosmans, G., Vandevivere, E., Dujardin, A., & Waters, H. S. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039375 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…knowledge scores for each attachment related narrative and second by examining relations between script knowledge and internalizing and externalizing behaviors which have been linked to attachment security in previous research (e.g., Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Madigan et al., 2013).”
InfluentialShuang, M., Yiqing, W., Ling, J., Guanzhen, O., Jing, G., Zhiyong, Q., & Xiao-hua, W. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.12.015 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Developmental predictors of offending and persistence in crime: A systematic review of meta-analyses
Basto-Pereira, M., & Farrington, D. P. (2022) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101761 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The early care environment and DNA methylome variation in childhood
Garg, E., Chen, L., Nguyen, T. T. T., Pokhvisneva, I., Chen, L. M., Unternaehrer, E., MacIsaac, J. L., McEwen, L. M., Mah, S. M., Gaudreau, H., et al. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000627 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…early care environment that associates with child mental health outcomes (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Groh, Rois-man, van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012) and may buffer the effects of prenatal adversity on measures…”
Jin, K., Houston, J. L., Renée Baillargeon, B., Groh, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2018) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.12.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“…Van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Fraley, Roisman, & Haltigan, 2013; Groh, Roisman, Van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012; Groh et al., 2014; Jaffari-Bimmel, Juffer, Van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Mooijaart, 2006; Raby, Roisman, Fraley, & Simpson, 2015; Roisman &…”
Colonnesi, C., Zeegers, M. A. J., Majdandžić, M., van Steensel, F. J. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00537-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Oberle, E., Guhn, M., Gadermann, A., Thomson, K., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.041 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Security Scale as a measure of attachment: meta-analytic evidence of validity
Brumariu, L. E., Madigan, S. L., Giuseppone, K. R., Abtahi, M. M., & Kerns, K. A. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1433217 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“hood and adolescence is related to social behavior, friendship, and popularity with peers (Groh et al., 2014; Pallini, Baiocco, Schneider, Madigan, & Atkinson, 2014).”
BackgroundAttachment, Mentalizing and Trauma: Then (1992) and Now (2022)
Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., & Luyten, P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030459 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In another meta-analysis by the same group, all three categories of insecure attachment were roughly equal risk factors in relation to social competence in children [13].”
BackgroundEvidence-Based Parenting Interventions to Promote Secure Attachment
Wright, B., & Edginton, E. (2016) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x16661888 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Reassessing the validity of the attachment Q‐sort: An updated meta‐analysis
Cadman, T., Diamond, P. R., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2034 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
School Engagement and Well-Being in Adolescents: Mediating Roles of Hope and Social Competence
Demırcı, İ. (2020) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-020-09722-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
AINSWORTH'S STRANGE SITUATION PROCEDURE: THE ORIGIN OF AN INSTRUMENT
van Rosmalen, L., van der Veer, R., & van der Horst, F. C. P. (2015) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.21729 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Residential Group Care as a Last Resort: Challenging the Rhetoric
Holmes, L., Connolly, C., Mortimer, E., & Hevesi, R. (2018) · Residential Treatment for Children & Youth · doi:10.1080/0886571x.2018.1455562 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“This can lead to attachment difficulties and subsequent problems in the development of positive relationships (Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDavies, P. T., Martin, M. J., & Cummings, E. M. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000410 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Second, studies have identified insecurity in the parent–child relationship as both a correlate of children’s emotional insecurity in the interparental relationship and a predictor of indices of poor social competence in adolescence (e.g., Allen et al., 2002; Davies, Martin, & Sturge-Apple, 2016; Groh et al., 2014).”
Leblanc, É., Dégeilh, F., Daneault, V., Beauchamp, M. H., & Bernier, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02141 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zou, S., & Wu, X. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01131-x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Murphy, A., Steele, H., Steele, M., Allman, B., Kastner, T. A., & Dube, S. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31815-8_2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Children who are classified as Disorganized are more likely to exhibit internalizing (Groh et al., 2014) and externalizing behavior problems (Belsky & Fearon, 2002; Lyons-Ruth & Jacobvitz, 2008) later in childhood, and to suffer from dissociation and personality disorders in late adolescence and young adulthood (Lyons…”
BackgroundJuffer, F., Struis, E., Werner, C. D., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2016.1198128 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Farrell, A. K., Waters, T. E. A., Young, E. S., Englund, M. M., Carlson, E. E., Roisman, G. I., & Simpson, J. A. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1541517 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…with distress and conflict as well as expectations/experiences in future relationships, such as with peers and romantic partners, affecting the functioning and quality of these relationships (Groh et al., 2014, 2017; Roisman, Collins, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2005; Waters, Brockmeyer, & Crowell, 2013).”
BackgroundOpioid Use Disorder, Attachment, and Parenting: Key Concerns for Practitioners
Mirick, R. G., & Steenrod, S. A. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0449-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Granqvist, P., Forslund, T., Fransson, M., Springer, L., & Lindberg, L. (2014) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.926946 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dagan, O., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20446 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ramsdal, G. H., Bergvik, S., & Wynn, R. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1072224 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Supporting this view, one meta-analysis found a small to moderate association between early child–caregiver attachment and childhood peer competence (Groh et al., 2014).”
Inguglia, C., Liga, F., Coco, A. L., Musso, P., & Ingoglia, S. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9702-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and Relational Aggression in Adolescents: Parental Attachment as Moderator
Kokkinos, C. M., Algiovanoglou, I., & Voulgaridou, I. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01491-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Guild, D. J., Toth, S. L., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000207 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“As children develop, these models become generalized to encompass views of the self, others, and the nature of relationships, thereby impacting children’s relationships with peers and their mental health (Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundÇıldır, D. A., Özbek, A., Topuzoǧlu, A., Orcin, E., & Janbakhishov, C. E. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21822 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Attachment organization in Arabic-speaking refugees with post traumatic stress disorder
Riber, K. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1124442 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“(Lyons-Ruth & Jacobvitz, 2008), which is known to carry the highest risk for later externalizing symptoms (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPersonality versus traffic accidents; meta-analysis of real and method effects
Wåhlberg, A., Barraclough, P., & Freeman, J. (2017) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.009 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…such values are found, these deviating numbers can be excluded (e.g. Bond & Smith, 1996; Eagly, Makhijani & Klonsky, 1992; de Winter & Dodou, 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Fournier, Hass, Naik, Lodha & Cauraugh, 2010), although most meta-analysts in social science do not proceed beyond concluding that…”
BackgroundLux, U., & Walper, S. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1582597 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“More recent meta-analytic evidence (10 studies) even suggests that children’s attachment security in relation to the mother is more strongly associated with peer competence than attachment to father (dM = 0.39 vs. dF = 0.14; Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPan, Y., Hu, Y., Zhang, D., Ran, G., Li, B., Liu, C., Liu, G., Luo, S., & Chen, W. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.038 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Preschool children’s attachment security is associated with their sharing with others
Paulus, M., Becker, E., Scheub, A., & König, L. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1100208 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“These findings support the notion that attachment security fosters social competence in general (e.g., Barone & Lionetti, 2012; for a review see Groh et al., 2014) as well as empathy and altruistic behavior in particular (Mikulincer, Shaver, Gillath, & Nitzberg, 2005); and plays thus an important…”
ResultBarone, L., Lionetti, F., & Green, J. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1306714 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“For example, security has been found to promote social competences, effortful control, and sharing behaviors (Barone & Lionetti, 2012a; Groh et al., 2014; Paulus, Becker, Scheub, & König, 2015; Viddal et al., 2015); also meta-analytical findings confirm the association between nonsecure patterns (i.”
ResultFernandes, C., Monteiro, L., dos Santos, A. J., Fernandes, M., Antunes, M., Vaughn, B. E., & Veríssimo, M. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1692045 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The validity of this instrument was confirmed in previous meta-analysis (e.g. Groh et al., 2014; van IJzendoorn et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKochendorfer, L. B., & Kerns, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0645-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…a more secure attachment relationship provides the foundation for higher quality relationships with peers (Sroufe et al. 1999), as well as evidence that attachment is associated with higher quality of other close peer relationships, specifically friendship (Groh et al. 2014; Pallini et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultMiddle Childhood Attachment Strategies: validation of an observational measure
Brumariu, L. E., Giuseppone, K. R., Kerns, K. A., de Walle, M. V., Bureau, J., Bosmans, G., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1433696 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Thomas, A. J., Saxe, R. R., & Spelke, E. S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2121390119 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Granqvist, P., Hesse, E., Fransson, M., Main, M., Hageküll, B., & Bohlin, G. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1151061 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…conditions, they may actually tap something as complex and predictive (e.g., Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Groh et al., 2014; van IJzendoorn et al., 1999) as the organization (or lack thereof) of children’s attachment behaviours with a reasonable degree…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThemes and Theories Revisited: Perspectives on Processes in Family–Peer Relationships
Ladd, G. W., & Parke, R. D. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8060507 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“, poverty, fetal exposure to teratogens, child psychopathology), strengthen or weaken the effects of early attachment security on children’s social development [17,18].”
BackgroundBrain activity and infant attachment history in young men during loss and reward processing
Quevedo, K. M., Waters, T. E. A., Scott, H., Roisman, G. I., Shaw, D. S., & Forbes, E. E. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000116 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Smith‐Nielsen, J., Tharner, A., Steele, H., Cordes, K., Mehlhase, H., & Væver, M. S. (2016) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.06.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Do early caregiving experiences leave an enduring or transient mark on developmental adaptation?
Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Væver, M. S., Smith‐Nielsen, J., & Lange, T. (2016) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0166-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Moreover, infant-mother attachment quality has been documented to play a crucial role in the child’s subsequent social and emotional development [6, 10, 11, 76].”
BackgroundMethodMordeno, I. G., Gallemit, I. M. J. S., Lantud, S. S. B., & Hall, B. J. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.288 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ertmann, R. K., Bang, C. W., Kriegbaum, M., Væver, M. S., Kragstrup, J., Siersma, V., Wilson, P., Lutterodt, M. C., & Smith‐Nielsen, J. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00499-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Allen, B., Bendixsen, B. H., Fenerci, R. L. B., & Green, J. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1429477 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“(4) Attachment security is consistently linked with the development of core regulatory competencies such as emotion identification and regulation, and social skills/ competence (Cooke, Stuart-Parrigon, Movahed-Abtahi, Koehn, & Kerns, 2016; Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWright, B., Hackney, L., Hughes, E., Barry, M., Glaser, D., Prior, V., Allgar, V., Marshall, D., Barrow, J., Kirby, N., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180858 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Brown, G. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Shigeto, A., & Wong, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000472 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Deneault, A., Duschinsky, R., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Roisman, G. I., Ly, A., Fearon, P. R. M., & Madigan, S. L. (2023) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2023.101093 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Attachment in family foster care: Literature review of associated characteristics
West, D., Vanderfaeillie, J., Hove, L. V., Gypen, L., & Holen, F. V. (2020) · Developmental Child Welfare · doi:10.1177/2516103220915624 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Insecure attachment is inter alia associated with psychosocial problems (Bohlin et al., 2000; Groh et al., 2014; Pallini et al., 2014; Speltz et al., 1999; Verı́ssimo et al., 2014), externalizing behavioral problems (Fearon et al., 2010), and internalizing behavioral problems (Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAttachment and Developmental Psychopathology
Fearon, P. R. M., Groh, A. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Roisman, G. I. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy108 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Wang, P., Hu, H., Mo, P. K. H., Ouyang, M., Geng, J., Zeng, P., & Mao, N. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2022.2034726 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“It is important to study the effect of father-child and mother-child interaction separately, as parents’ gender may influence the relationship between parenting style and children’s behavioral problems (e.g. Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundZarrella, I., Lonigro, A., Perrella, R., Caviglia, G., & Laghi, F. (2016) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2016.1266486 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“About this hypothesis, there are various works available in literature on the relation between ToM, prosociality/antisociality and attachment (Abraham & Kerns, 2013; Groh et al., 2014; Hünefeldt, Laghi, Ortu, & Belardinelli, 2013; Nickerson, Mele, & Princiotta, 2008; Pallini, Baiocco, Schneider, Madigan, & Atkinson, 2…”
Cassibba, R., Castoro, G., Costantino, E., Sette, G., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21486 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Child Development Across Cultures
Molitor, A., & Hsu, H. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119519348.ch8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Oxytocin and Human Sensitive and Protective Parenting
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_23 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In turn, secure infant–parent attachment is associated with better child socioemotional outcomes, including higher quality interpersonal relationships and lower externalizing and internalizing problems (Fearon et al. 2010; Groh et al. 2012, 2014).”
BackgroundSecure attachment promotes the development of effortful control in boys
Viddal, K. R., Berg‐Nielsen, T. S., Wan, M. W., Green, J., Hygen, B. W., & Wichstrøm, L. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.999098 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The comparatively advanced social (Groh et al., 2014), emotional (Ontai & Thompson, 2002; Steele, Steele, Croft, & Fonagy, 1999) and relational competencies (Pallini, Baiocco, Schneider, Madigan, & Atkinson, 2014) of securely attached childrenmay expose them in early childhood to opportunities to…”
BackgroundMultiple Levels of Family Factors and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms Among Chinese Children
Lin, X., Li, L., Heath, M. A., Chi, P., Xu, S., & Fang, X. (2016) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12269 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In contrast, a secure parent–child bond protects the child from adverse developmental outcomes (Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Dagan, O., Cárcamo, R. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2025) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2422045 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Note that the largest adolescent sample to date ( N = 819, Groh et al., 2014) also reported 35% insecure-dismissing classifications.”
Quality of attachment in infants less than 1500g or less than 32weeks. Related factors
López-Maestro, M., Sierra-Garcia, P., Diaz-Gonzalez, C., Torres-Valdivieso, M. J., Lora-Pablos, D., Ares-Segura, S., & Pallás-Alonso, C. R. (2017) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.11.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dalgaard, N. T., Filges, T., Viinholt, B. C. A., & Pontoppidan, M. (2022) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1209 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“A number of studies support the associations between disorganised‐disoriented attachment in early childhood and the subsequent development of adverse child outcome (Alpern & Repacholi, 1993; Carlson, 1998; Groh et al., 2014; Moss et al., 2006).”
Lindblom, J., Vänskä, M., Flykt, M. S., Tolvanen, A. J., Tiitinen, A. E., Tulppala, M., & Punamäki, R. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000260 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Badovinac, S. D., Martin, J., Guérin‐Marion, C., O’Neill, M. C., Riddell, R. P., Bureau, J., & Spiegel, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204374 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Secure base scripted knowledge and preschoolers’ social competence in samples from Mexico and Peru
Nóblega, M., Bárrig-Jó, P., Gonzalez, L., Fourment, K., Quiroz, F. S., Vizuet, A., & Posada, G. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1575548 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…of the child-mother attachment relationship, inferred from children’s behavior, and children’s competence in their exchanges with others in different social arenas (Berlin et al., 2008; Groh et al., 2014; Pallini et al., 2014; Schneider et al., 2001; Thompson, 2016), and extend it in two ways.”
BackgroundGarner, P. W., Dunsmore, J. C., & Bassett, H. H. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.09.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Eitenmüller, P., Köhler, S., Hirsch, O., & Christiansen, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.815822 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wright, B., Fearon, P. R. M., Garside, M., Tsappis, E., Amoah, E., Glaser, D., Allgar, V. L., Minnis, H., Woolgar, M., Churchill, R. C., et al. (2023) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/ivcn8847 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rabinowitz, J. A., & Drabick, D. A. G. (2017) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.03.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kuo, P. X., Saini, E. K., Tengelitsch, E., & Volling, B. L. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1582595 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Attachment researchers have long focused on the developmental sequelae of the mother-infant attachment relationship (Groh et al., 2014; Howes & Spieker, 2008; Thompson, 2008), undoubtedly influenced by Bowlby’s own thinking on the primacy of the mother-infant relationship (Bretherton, 1985).”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Handbook of Infant Development
Lockman, J. J., Hertz, D., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Brain, B. C., Context..........................................., Rey, J., Falck-Ytter, T., Jones, E., Maurer, D., Cirelli, L., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Campbell, C., & Allison, E. (2022) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2022.2089906 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…the crucibles of development – the role of early attachment and mentalizing caregivers in supporting children’s social functioning is well-evidenced (Groh et al., 2014; Luyten et al., 2020) – we have not paid enough attention to the fact that the dyad is operating within and responding to a…”
BackgroundPsouni, E. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1582598 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“More recent findings highlight unique developmental benefits from the child’s attachment to father (Groh et al., 2014; Kochanska & Kim, 2013; Lucassen et al., 2015), while meta-analysis indicates that themother’s and father’s adult attachment representations based on their upbringing are equally…”
BackgroundMagro, S. W., Hobbs, K. A., Li, P. H., Swenson, P., Riegelman, A., Rios, J. A., & Roisman, G. I. (2023) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2023.2258767 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Social competence encompasses a variety of more specific constructs (Groh et al., 2014; Rose-Krasnor, 1997), including individual social skills , or the ability to use appropriate behaviors when interacting with others in a variety of environments (e.g., self-regulation in social situations,…”
Porcar, A. M. T., Doménech, A., & Mestre, V. (2018) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.34.2.308151 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“En síntesis, se puede afirmar que el apego seguro se relaciona con estrategias de afrontamiento más adaptativas ante situaciones estresantes (Abraham y Kerns, 2013; Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMuzi, S., & Pace, C. S. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1899386 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…to attachment macro-categories (Salcuni et al., 2017), a micro-analysis of attachment narratives would allow an investigation also of attachment-related domains, which are related to adolescent’s well-being (Borelli et al., 2019; Groh et al., 2014b; Pace et al., 2018; Torres-Gomez et al., 2020).”
Background
- Authors
- Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- ,
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Groh, Ashley M.
- Venue
- Attachment & Human Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-02-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-136
- ISSN
- 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2988
- PMC
- PMC4021853
- OpenAlex
- W1980337381
- Cited by
- 495
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 48.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (T32-HD07376)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007376)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- attachment security, peer social competence, attachment avoidance, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, early attachment, child psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Anomie, Child, Child, Preschool, Father-Child Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Peer Group, Personality Disorders, Social Adjustment, Reactive Attachment Disorder
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