Prevalence of comorbid major depressive disorder in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of comparative and epidemiological studies
Abstract
AIMS: To examine the average point prevalence of major depressive disorder in people with Type 2 diabetes and its associated factors in a comprehensive meta-analysis. METHODS: Two researchers independently conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases. Studies reporting the prevalence of major depressive disorder in people with Type 2 diabetes were identified and analysed using a random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 26 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The point prevalence of major depressive disorder was 14.5% (95% CI 7.9-25.3; I²=99.65). People with Type 2 diabetes were more likely to have major depressive disorder compared with the general population (odds ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.38-2.16). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that study site, study type, diagnostic criteria and age significantly moderated the prevalence of major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis, the average point prevalence of major depressive disorder in people with Type 2 diabetes was high. Routine screening and more effective interventions should be implemented for this population.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The prevalence of major depressive disorder is nearly twice as high in people with type 2 diabetes as in those without.
“Correspondingly, the prevalence of MDD is nearly twice as high in people with type 2 diabetes [159] and more than threefold higher in people with type 1 diabetes than those without, with greater rates in diabetic women than men [160].”
From The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence (2022) · cites this paper as [159]
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · see citing works
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030
Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007 · Cited by 7,216 · see citing works
Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035
Guariguata, L., Whiting, D. R., Hambleton, I., Beagley, J., Linnenkamp, U., & Shaw, J. E. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002 · Cited by 4,642 · see citing works
Overweight, Obesity, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Zitman, F. G. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2 · Cited by 4,322 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926 · see citing works
The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus—present and future perspectives
Chen, L., Magliano, D. J., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.183 · Cited by 2,227 · see citing works
Obesity, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance
Shoelson, S. E., Herrero, L., & Naaz, A. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.059 · Cited by 1,806 · see citing works
Ali, S., Stone, M. A., Peters, J., Davies, M. J., & Khunti, K. K. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x · Cited by 1,281 · see citing works
Mata, D. A., Ramos, M. A., Bansal, N., Khan, R., Guille, C., Di Angelantonio, E., & Sen, S. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
Ferrari, A. J., Somerville, A. J., Baxter, A. J., Norman, R., Patten, S. B., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001511 · Cited by 1,230 · see citing works
Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: a systematic review
Roy, T., & Lloyd, C. E. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(12)70004-6 · Cited by 1,229 · see citing works
Kleinman, A. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp048078 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
de Velde, S. V. V., Bracke, P., & Levecque, K. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.035 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Gender differences in depression
Parker, G., & Brotchie, H. (2010) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2010.492391 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Depression and Risk for Onset of Type II Diabetes: A prospective population-based study
Eaton, W. W., Armenian, H. K., Gallo, J. J., Pratt, L., & Ford, D. E. (1996) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.19.10.1097 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Gabir, M. M., Hanson, R. L., Dabelea, D., Imperatore, G., Roumain, J., Bennett, P. H., & Knowler, W. C. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.8.1108 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Clinical Depression Versus Distress Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Fisher, L., Skaff, M. M., Mullan, J. T., Arean, P., Mohr, D., Masharani, U., Glasgow, R., & Laurencin, G. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1614 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence, impact, and treatment
Semenkovich, K., Brown, M. E., Svrakic, D. M., & Lustman, P. J. (2015) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-015-0347-4 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Guidelines for evaluating prevalence studies
Boyle, M. H. (1998) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.1.2.37 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Egede, L. E., & Zheng, D. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.1.104 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Bogner (2007) · doi:10.2337/dc07-0974 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Association between weight perception and psychological distress
Atlantis, E. E., & Ball, K. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803762 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Thomas, J., Jones, G. N., Scarinci, I. C., & Brantley, P. J. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.8.2311 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The prevalence of schizophrenia in mainland C hina: evidence from epidemiological surveys
Long, J., Huang, G., Liang, W., Liang, B., Chen, Q., Xie, J., Jiang, J., & Su, L. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12296 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in different obesity phenotypes
Pasquali, R., & Vicennati, V. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801277 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Diabetes, Cognitive Function, and the Blood-Brain Barrier
Huber, J. D. (2008) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161208784705441 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Dirmaier, J., Watzke, B., Koch, U., Schulz, H., Lehnert, H., Pieper, L., & Wïttchen, H. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000296135 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Winsper, C., Ganapathy, R., Marwaha, S., Large, M. M. B., Birchwood, M. J., & Singh, S. P. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12113 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Epidemiology of depression in diabetes: International and cross-cultural issues
Lloyd, C. E., Roy, T., Nouwen, A., & Chauhan, A. M. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(12)70005-8 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
van Dooren, F. E. P., Denollet, J., Verhey, F. R. J., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Sep, S. J. S., Henry, R. M. A., Kremers, S., Dagnelie, P. C., Schaper, N. C., Kallen, C., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0722-z · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Lee, W., Lee, Y.-C., Ser, K., Chen, J., & Chen, S. C. (2008) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9457-3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Agbir, T., Audu, M. D., Adebowale, T., & Goar, S. (2010) · Annals of African Medicine · doi:10.4103/1596-3519.62617 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Akena, D. H., Kadama-Makanga, P., Ashaba, S., Akello, C. A., Kwesiga, B., Lalitha, R., Okello, J., Mwesiga, E. K., & Obuku, E. A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.019 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Das, R., Singh, O., Thakurta, R. G., Khandakar, M. R., Ali, S. N., Mallick, A. K., Roy, P., & Bhattacharrya, A. K. (2013) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/0253-7176.119502 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Coleman, S. M., Katon, W. J., Lin, E. H. B., & Korff, M. V. (2013) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2013.02.015 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Badawi, G., Pagé, V., Smith, K. J., Gariépy, G., MALLA, A. K., Wang, J., Boyer, R., Strychar, I. M., LESAGE, A. D., & Schmitz, N. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Aarts, S., van den Akker, M., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Jolles, J., Winkens, B., & Metsemakers, J. F. M. (2009) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9385-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Association of depression and its relation with complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Bajaj, S., Agarwal, S., Varma, A., & Singh, V. (2012) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.100670 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mezuk, B. R., Chen, Y., Yu, C., Guo, Y., Bian, Z., Collins, R., Chen, J., Pang, Z., Wang, H., Peto, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.09.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lankarani, M. M., & Assari, S. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-015-0171-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Golden, S. H., Shah, N. G., Naqibuddin, M., Payne, J. L., Hill‐Briggs, F., Wand, G. S., Wang, N., Langan, S. J., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.08.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Smoking in male patients with schizophrenia in China: A meta-analysis
Li, Y., Cao, X., Zhong, B., Ungvari, G. S., Chiu, H. F. K., Kelly, Y. C. L., Zheng, W., Correll, C. U., & Xiang, Y. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.040 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes distress and its association with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes in iran.
Baradaran, H. R., Mirghorbani, M., Javanbakht, A., Yadollahi, Z., & Khamseh, M. E. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mushtaque, A., Gulati, R., Hossain, M., & Azmi, S. A. (2016) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2016.06.016 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Clarke, T., Obšteter, J., Hall, L. S., Hayward, C., Thomson, P. A., Smith, B. H., Padmanabhan, S., Hocking, L. J., Deary, I. J., Porteous, D. J., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32478 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Huang, C., Lin, C., Lee, M., Chang, K., & Chiu, H. (2012) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Musselman, D. L., Ziemer, D. C., McNutt, M. D., Seay, J., Royster, E. B., Larsen, B., Barham, T., Brown, A. R., Vogel, O., Phillips, L. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lifetime depression history and depression risk in type 2 diabetes: A case-control study
Bruce, D. G., Davis, W. A., Hunter, M. L., Peters, K. E., Davis, T. M. E., & STARKSTEIN, S. E. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.10.010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Huang, C., Hsieh, H., Tu, H., Jiang, H., Wang, P., & Lin, C. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.044 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Alvarez, A. M., Faccioli, J. L., de Braude, M. G., Castex, M. M., Bayón, C., Masson, W. M., Bluro, I. M., Kozak, A., Sorroche, P. B., Capurro, L., et al. (2013) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-61 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Clinical assessment of depression and type 2 diabetes in Morocco: Economical and social components
Boujraf, S., Aarab, C., Aalouane, R., Ajdi, F., Rammouz, I., Bensbaa, S., & Agerd, L. (2014) · Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice · doi:10.4103/0976-3147.133576 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bryan, C. J., Songer, T. J., Brooks, M. M., Thase, M. E., Gaynes, B. N., Klinkman, M. S., Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., D, M. F. M., & Wisniewski, S. R. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Moreira, R. O., Papelbaum, M., Fontenelle, L. F., Appolinário, J. C., Ellinger, V., Coutinho, W. F., & Zagury, L. (2007) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2007000200015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Type 2 Diabetes and its Association with Hypertension and Depression in an Iraqi Population
Saeed, A. K., & Al-Dabbagh, T. Q. (2003) · Annals of Saudi Medicine · doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2003.254 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
P.2.h.013 Depression and glycemic control in a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes
Abuhegazy, H. M. M., Elkeshishi, H., Farrag, H. A., & Saleh, N. C. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(14)70768-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wu, T., Jia, X., Shi, H., Niu, J., Yin, X., Xie, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
van Sloten, T. T., Sedaghat, S., Carnethon, M. R., Launer, L. J., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2020) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30405-x · Cited by 702 · see citing works
The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence
Fulton, S., Décarie-Spain, L., Fioramonti, X., Guiard, B., & Nakajima, S. (2022) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2021.10.005 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“betes [159] and more than threefold higher in people with type 1 diabetes than those without, with greater rates in diabetic”
BackgroundFarooqi, A., Gillies, C., Sathanapally, H., Abner, S., Seidu, S., Davies, M. J., Polonsky, W. H., & Khunti, K. (2022) · Primary Care Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2021.11.001 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Antidepressant Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chen, X., Zhao, P., Wang, W., Guo, L., & Pan, Q. (2024) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.08.010 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
McIntyre, R. S. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21080814 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, F., Wang, S., Zong, Q. ‐., Zhang, Q., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., & Xiang, Y. ‐.
- Affiliations
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (CN)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Macau (MO)
- Corresponding author
- Xiang, Y.‐T.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 961-969
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W2946423972
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals (PX2016028)
- Universidade de Macau (MYRG2015‐00230‐FHS; MYRG2016‐00005‐FHS)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, type 2 diabetes, comorbidities, prevalence, point prevalence, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, screening, mental health in diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Global Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
