Efficacy of low- and very-low-energy diets in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies
Open accessAbstract
Aims: To review systematically and quantify the weight loss achieved through low‐ (LEDs) and very‐low‐energy diets (VLEDs) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods: Studies reporting the effects of diet‐only interventions of up to 1600 kcal/d in people with T2DM were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL up to July 2018. Changes in the primary (body weight and body mass index [BMI]) and secondary outcomes (glycated haemoglobin, blood lipids) according to energy restriction and duration of diet were modelled using restricted cubic splines. Results: Forty‐four studies (3817 participants) were included. The overall quality of the evidence was moderate and limited to short‐term interventions up to 4 months. Baseline mean weight and BMI were 92.1 kg and 36.6 kg/m 2 . VLEDs of 400 kcal/d led to 5.4% weight loss at 2 weeks, increasing to 17.9% at 3 months. More modest reductions of 7.3% were observed on LEDs of 1200 kcal/d and 2.0% on 1600 kcal/d after 3 months. No clear patterns emerged for secondary outcomes. Publication bias was significant for primary outcomes. Conclusions: Through modelling, we were able to describe effective dietary deficit strategies to achieve weight reduction up to 4 months in people with T2DM. High‐quality studies are required to further support clinical practice with evidence‐based dietary interventions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Very low calorie diets (VLCD/VLED) and very low calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are primarily used in patients with severe obesity or metabolic complications, especially when rapid and substantial weight loss is required.
“Very low calorie diets (VLCD/VLED) and very low calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are primarily used in patients with severe obesity or metabolic complications, especially in situations that require rapid and substantial weight loss.”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
In very low calorie protocols providing about 400 kcal per day, reported losses ranged from approximately 5 kg after two weeks to more than 25 kg after several months, whereas interventions providing about 800 kcal produced smaller but directionally comparable effects.
“In protocols providing about 400 kcal per day, reported losses ranged from approximately 5 kg after two weeks to more than 25 kg after several months, whereas interventions providing about 800 kcal produced smaller but directionally comparable effects [19].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
VLCD/VLED protocols provide fewer than 800 kcal per day, while VLCKD additionally limits carbohydrate intake to 30 to 50 g per day, inducing a state of ketosis.
“VLCD/VLED protocols provide fewer than 800 kcal per day, while VLCKD additionally limits carbohydrate intake to 30 to 50 g per day, inducing a state of ketosis.”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Very low calorie dietary interventions remain one of the few approaches capable of producing rapid and substantial reductions in body weight.
“Very low calorie dietary interventions remain one of the few approaches capable of producing rapid and substantial reductions in body weight [18,19,21].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., & Tong, T. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-135 · Cited by 11,735 · see citing works
Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample
Hozo, S. P., Djulbegovic, B., & Hozo, I. (2005) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-5-13 · Cited by 9,062 · see citing works
Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377 · Cited by 8,252 · see citing works
Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K., Orpana, H., & Graubard, B. I. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.113905 · Cited by 3,998 · see citing works
Lean, M. E., Leslie, W. S., Barnes, A. C., Brosnahan, N., Thom, G., McCombie, L., Peters, C., Zhyzhneuskaya, S., Al-Mrabeh, A., Hollingsworth, K. G., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33102-1 · Cited by 2,095 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The mean (range) number of participants was 78 (6-2597) for arms reporting body weight and 25 (6-192) when excluding the UK Prospective Diabetes Study 7 (UKPDS7),(43) which had 2597 participants with information only for body weight (Table 1 and Figure S2); for BMI, it was 25 (5-192).”
BackgroundMethodWing, R. R., Lang, W., Wadden, T. A., Safford, M., Knowler, W. C., Bertoni, A. G., Hill, J. O., Brancati, F. L., Peters, A., Wagenknecht, L., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2415 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence—publication bias
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Montori, V., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Djulbegovic, B., Atkins, D., Falck-Ytter, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
Dixon, J. B., O’Brien, P. E., Playfair, J., Chapman, L., Schachter, L. M., Skinner, S., Proietto, J., Bailey, M., & Anderson, M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.3.316 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
Lim, E. L., Hollingsworth, K. G., Aribisala, B. S., Chen, M. J., Mathers, J. C., & Taylor, R. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2204-7 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Khan, S. S., Ning, H., Wilkins, J. T., Allen, N., Carnethon, M., Berry, J. D., Sweis, R. N., & Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2018) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0022 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: The look AHEAD study
The Look AHEAD Research Group (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20662 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Ajala, O., English, P., & Pinkney, J. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.042457 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Franz, M. J., Boucher, J. L., Rutten-Ramos, S., & VanWormer, J. J. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.031 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
The Hawthorne Experiments: First Statistical Interpretation
Franke, R. H., & Kaul, J. D. (1978) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094540 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Importance of Weight Management in Type 2 Diabetes: Review with Meta-analysis of Clinical Studies
Anderson, J. W., Kendall, C. W. C., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2003.10719316 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Dyson, P. A., Twenefour, D., Breen, C., Duncan, A., Elvin, E., Goff, L., Hill, A., Kalsi, P., Marsland, N., McArdle, P., et al. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13603 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Parker, B., Noakes, M., Luscombe, N., & Clifton, P. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.3.425 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Snorgaard, O., Poulsen, G. M., Andersen, H. K., & Astrup, A. (2017) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000354 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The importance of weight management in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Wilding, J. P. H. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12384 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Sainsbury, E., Kizirian, N. V., Partridge, S. R., Gill, T., Colagiuri, S., & Gibson, A. A. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.026 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
HENRY, R. R., SCHEAFFER, L., & OLEFSKY, J. M. (1985) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-61-5-917 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Jackness, C., Karmally, W., Febres, G., Conwell, I., Ahmed, L., Bessler, M., McMahon, D., & Korner, J. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1762 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Carter, S., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.10.010 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Meng, Y., Bai, H., Wang, S., Li, Z., Wang, Q., & Chen, L. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.006 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Larsen, R. N., Mann, N. J., Maclean, E., & Shaw, J. E. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-2027-y · Cited by 197 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of meal replacements for weight loss
Astbury, N. M., Piernas, C., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Lapworth, S., Aveyard, P., & Jebb, S. A. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12816 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Dietary advice for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults
Nield, L., Moore, H., Hooper, L., Cruickshank, K., Vyas, A., Whittaker, V., & Summerbell, C. D. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004097.pub4 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Dong, J.-Y., Zhang, Z.-L., Wang, P.-Y., & Qin, L.-Q. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513002055 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Use of relative weight and body mass index for the determination of adiposity
Gray, D. S., & Fujioka, K. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90218-x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Astbury, N. M., Aveyard, P., Nickless, A., Hood, K., Corfield, K., Lowe, R., & Jebb, S. A. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k3760 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Zaccardi, F., Dhalwani, N. N., Papamargaritis, D., Webb, D. R., Murphy, G. J., Davies, M. J., & Khunti, K. K. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4162-6 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of a low-energy diet on sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms in obese men
Khoo, J. J. C., Piantadosi, C., Worthley, S. G., & Wittert, G. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.76 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Steven, S., & Taylor, R. (2015) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12722 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Parretti, H. M., Jebb, S. A., Johns, D. J., Lewis, A. L., Christian‐Brown, A. M., & Aveyard, P. (2016) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12366 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s007 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A critical review of low‐carbohydrate diets in people with Type 2 diabetes
van Wyk, H. J., Davis, R. E., & Davies, J. S. (2016) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12964 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Tillin, T., Sattar, N. A., Godsland, I. F., Hughes, A. D., Chaturvedi, N., & Forouhi, N. G. (2014) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12576 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Leslie, W. S., Taylor, R., Harris, L., & Lean, M. E. J. (2016) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.175 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Inoue, S., Okamura, A., Okamoto, M., Tanaka, K., Sugimasa, T., & Takamura, Y. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Harder, H., Dinesen, B., & Astrup, A. V. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802529 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Making progress on the global crisis of obesity and weight management
Lean, M. E. J., Astrup, A. V., & Roberts, S. B. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2538 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dhindsa, P., Scott, A. R., & Donnelly, R. (2003) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00937.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effect of NIDDM on the Kinetics of Whole-Body Protein Metabolism
Gougeon, R., Pencharz, P. B., & Marliss, E. B. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.43.2.318 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Very low calorie diet (VLCD): a useful alternative in the treatment of the obese NIDDM patient.
Capstick, F., Brooks, B., Burns, C., Zilkens, R., Steinbeck, K., & Yue, D. K. (1997) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(97)00038-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effect of a low-calorie diet on restoration of normoglycemia in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes
Unnikrishnan, A., Bhatt, A., Choudhari, P., Mahajan, R., Sayyad, M. G., Pratyush, D., Hasan, I., Javherani, R., Bothale, M., & Purandare, V. (2017) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_206_17 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Rehackova, L., Arnott, B., Araujo‐Soares, V., Adamson, A. A., Taylor, R., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2016) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Castañeda-González, L. M., Bacardí‐Gascón, M., & Cruz, A. J. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1590/s0212-16112011000600013 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Improved glucose metabolism after gastric bypass: evolution of the paradigm
Pournaras, D. J., Nygren, J., Hagström-Toft, E., Arner, P., le Roux, C. W., & Thorell, A. (2016) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.03.020 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Anderson, J. W., Brinkman-Kaplan, V., Hamilton, C., Logan, J. E. B., Collins, R. W., & Gustafson, N. (1994) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.17.6.602 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
NAGULESPARAN, M., Savage, P. J., Bennion, L. J., Unger, R. H., & Bennett, P. H. (1981) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-53-3-560 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Baldry, E. L., Aithal, G. P., Kaye, P., IDRIS, I. R., Bennett, A. J., Leeder, P. C., & Macdonald, I. A. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12918 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly and long-term effects of acute caloric deprivation in obese diabetic patients
Bauman, W. A., Schwartz, E., Rose, H. G., Eisenstein, H. N., & Johnson, D. W. (1988) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90500-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wycherley, T. P., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12120 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Leite, M. L. C., & Prinelli, F. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.126 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Baker, S. T., Jerums, G., Prendergast, L. A., Panagiotopoulos, S., Strauss, B. J., & Proietto, J. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.10.017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Very low‐energy diets for weight loss in adults: A review
Asher, R. C., Burrows, T. L., & Collins, C. E. (2012) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01628.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Noren, E. R., & Forssell, H. W. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-77 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Three things that every medical writer should know about statistics
Senn, S. J. (2009) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Koutroumanidou, E., & Pagonopoulou, O. (2013) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2475 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cinkajzlová, A., Lacinová, Z., Kloučková, J., Kaválková, P., Trachta, P., Kosák, M., Haluzíková, D., Papežová, H., Mráz, M., & Haluzı́k, M. (2016) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.3109/07435800.2016.1169544 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Weck, M., Hanefeld, M., & Schollberg, K. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Predictors of Diet-Induced Weight Loss in Overweight Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Berk, K., Mulder, M., Verhoeven, A., van Wietmarschen, H. V., Boessen, R., Pellis, L., Spijker, A. V. '., Timman, R., Ozcan, B., & Sijbrands, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160774 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders and Diabetes
Holt, R. I. G., & Citrome, L. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118924853.ch57 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Holt RIG, Cockram C, Flyvbjerg A, Goldstein BJ. Textbook of Diabetes. Hoboken: Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated; 2016.
- Zaccardi, F;Baldry, E;Davies, MJ;Khunti, K;Webb, DR Title: Efficacy of low-and very-low-energy diets in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies Date: 2019-07 Citation:
- Kloecker, D. E., Zaccardi, F., Baldry, E., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K. & Webb, D. R. (2019). Efficacy of low-and very-low-energy diets in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, 21 (7), pp.1695-1705. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13727. Persistent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/285712
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schröder, J. D., Falqueto, H., Mânica, A., Zanini, D., de Oliveira, T., Sá, C. A. D., Cardoso, A. M., & Manfredi, L. H. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02687-0 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
Lewgood, J., Oliveira, B., Korzepa, M., Forbes, S. C., Little, J. P., Breen, L., Bailie, R., & Candow, D. G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072378 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Anyiam, O., Phillips, B. E., Quinn, K., Wilkinson, D. J., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., & IDRIS, I. R. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.06.034 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Mannucci, E., Candido, R., Monache, L. D., Gallo, M., Giaccari, A., Masini, M. L., Mazzone, A., Medea, G., Pintaudi, B., Targher, G., et al. (2022) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-022-01857-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Giannakogeorgou, A., & Roden, M. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.17848 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Zheng, Q., Yang, H., Fu, X., Zhang, X., Xia, C., Zhu, Z., Liu, Y., & Liu, W. J. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2020/4851671 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review
Żurawski, T., & Bartosiewicz, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18010012 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Mannucci, E., Candido, R., Monache, L. D., Gallo, M., Giaccari, A., Masini, M. L., Mazzone, A., Medea, G., Pintaudi, B., Targher, G., et al. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.027 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evidenz in der Ernährungstherapie des Diabetes mellitus
Hauner, H. (2021) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-021-00784-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Li, M., Jeeyavudeen, M. S., Arunagirinathan, G., & Pappachan, J. M. (2023) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2023.19.1.7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
AlFaris, N. A., & Bajaber, A. S. (2020) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.1642 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dietary Approaches and Health Outcomes: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review
Handu, D., & Piemonte, T. A. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.08.106 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Baldry, E. L., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K., & Webb, D. R. (2020) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14265 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWas ist gesichert in der Therapie der Adipositas
Bischoff, G. (2022) · Die Innere Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00108-022-01420-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Whitfield, P. L., Hall, R. M., Théaude, L., Sixtus, R. P., Kanaan, R., Holley, A. S., Umpleby, A. M., Weatherall, M., ROWLANDS, D. S., & Krebs, J. D. (2024) · PubMed Central · doi:10.6133/apjcn.202406_33(2).0007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evans, T. S., Dhir, P., Matu, J., Radley, D., Hill, A. J., Jones, A., Newson, L., Freeman, C., Kolokotroni, K. Z., Fozard, T. E., et al. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13896 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Formichi, C., Caprio, S., Auddino, S., Rizza, F., Paolini, B., Nigi, L., & Dotta, F. (2025) · Human Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.hnm.2025.200330 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ernährungsempfehlungen bei Typ-2-Diabetes: Grundlegendes Umdenken
Worm, N., McKenzie, A. L., & Lechner, K. (2021) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt · doi:10.3238/persdia.2021.11.05.06 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nana, M., Moore, S. L., Loganathan, R., Williams, V., Rahman, M., Jennings, E., Dixon, A., & Bondugulapati, L. N. R. (2021) · British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.15277/bjd.2021.316
Beeinflussung des M. Dupuytren über die Ernährung und Mikronährstoffversorgung
Dawils, M. (2022) · Praxis Handreha · doi:10.1055/a-1849-8096
Murphy, E. E., & Finucane, F. M. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155739
Long, T., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Xing, P., Zhang, Y. H., & Li, M. (2025) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171251371447
Konventionelle Diätformen und Integration von TCM bei der Therapie von (Prä‑)Adipositas
Panhofer, P., & Rothe, S. (2026) · Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur · doi:10.1007/s42212-025-00795-w
- Authors
- Kloecker, D. E., Zaccardi, F., Baldry, E., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K., & Webb, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kloecker, David E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-04-29
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1695-1705
- ISSN
- 1462-8902 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-1326
- OpenAlex
- W2935086721
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- University of Leicester
- University of Glasgow
- Loughborough University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, very low calorie diet, hypocaloric diet, weight loss, caloric restriction, body mass index, HbA1c, serum lipids, dietary intervention, publication bias
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Weight, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Reducing, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
