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Scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR‐4‐SLR)
Abstract
Many guiding articles on literature reviews exist, but few have delivered an authoritative protocol that researchers can rely upon with clarity and confidence. To commemorate the inaugural annual special issue on systematic literature reviews in the International Journal of Consumer Studies , the editors have pooled their expertize and experience of authoring, editing, and reviewing literature reviews to develop a rigorous review protocol—that is, the Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews ( SPAR‐4‐SLR ) protocol—that researchers can rely upon to guide and justify decisions in systematic literature reviews. Using an interrogative approach, the editors begin with a discussion of the “what,” “why,” “when,” “where,” “who,” and “how” of systematic literature reviews. The editors conclude with systematic literature review exemplars in the inaugural special issue.
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“Moreover, when these reviews are structured scientifically and systematically based on theories, constructs and methodologies, they enable researchers to pinpoint existing research gaps in the literature (Mariani et al. 2022;Paul et al. 2021).”
From Influencer Marketing and Tourist Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review of Attitudes, Intentions and Behaviours in Tourism (2026) · cites this paper as Paul et al. 2021
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“Following that, in accordance with the best practices suggested by Denyer and Tranfield (2009), Paul et al. (2021), Paul and Criado (2020), two authors independently read the title and abstract of each paper, primarily to determine whether or not they corroborate with the purpose of our study.”
From Welcome to the destination! Social media influencers as cogent determinant of travel decision: A systematic literature review and conceptual framework (2023) · cites this paper as Paul et al. (2021)
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“…and content analysis frameworks, respectively, namely Scienti fi c Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR-4-SLR) protocol (Paul et al. 2021), Pre-ferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) four-stage fl owchart (Moher et al. 2010; Page et…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Paul, J., Lim, W. M., O’Cass, A., Hao, A. W., & Bresciani, S.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode (IN)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- University of Hartford (US)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Lim, Weng Marc
- Venue
- International Journal of Consumer Studies
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-12
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 1470-6423 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-6431
- OpenAlex
- W3154271163
- Cited by
- 2,364
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 654 · 2025: 642 · 2024: 530 · 2023: 333 · 2022: 162 · 2021: 41
- FWCI
- 11.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-08-04)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Consumer Studies (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- systematic reviews, research methodology, consumer research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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