Influencer Marketing and Tourist Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review of Attitudes, Intentions and Behaviours in Tourism

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The databases Scopus, ProQuest Central, ABI/INFO, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were selected due to their great coverage and increasing popularity among leading researchers.

“These databases were selected due to their great coverage and increasing popularity among leading researchers (Mariani et al. 2022).”

• cites Mariani et al. 2022 sourceDisputed

  The Method and Data section says the review used Scopus alone, citing its coverage and the practice of using one database. The Limitations section explicitly says the authors chose Scopus over Google Scholar. The paper therefore does not support citing it as a rationale for selecting all five named databases because of their coverage and increasing popularity. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Influencers who regularly produce inventive content are more likely to engage tourists and encourage them to consider their recommendations, impacting travel decisions.

“Influencers who regularly produce inventive content are more likely to engage tourists and encourage them to consider their recommendations, impacting travel decisions (Asdecker 2022).”

• cites Asdecker 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says influencers attract attention through unique, creative content, and the Conclusions say the study confirms that exposure to their travel content influences followers’ intention to travel. The paper does not establish that producing such content regularly makes tourists more likely to engage or consider influencers’ recommendations; its reported outcome is travel intention, not a measured travel decision. The supplied passages give section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Influencers' originality (ability to create fresh and unique content) is key to influencing tourist decisions in today's digital world.

May combine two claims.

Tourists value clear, accessible information and the chance to ask questions, which impacts their travel plans.

“Tourists also value clear, accessible information and the chance to ask questions, which impacts their travel plans (Femenia-Serra et al. 2022).”

• cites Femenia-Serra et al. 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Findings section ('Influencer roles in crisis communication and recovery marketing'; page unavailable) says influencers translate key information for audiences, while the Literature review ('Travel influencer marketing'; page unavailable) reports that influencer engagement can increase destination visit intentions. The paper does not establish that tourists value clear, accessible information or the chance to ask questions, or that those specific features affect their travel plans; its Limitations section says audience perceptions were not studied. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

When structured scientifically and systematically based on theories, constructs and methodologies, systematic reviews enable researchers to pinpoint existing research gaps.

“Moreover, when these reviews are structured scientifically and systematically based on theories, constructs and methodologies, they enable researchers to pinpoint existing research gaps in the literature (Mariani et al. 2022;Paul et al. 2021).”

• cites Mariani et al. 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Sections 3 (Method and Data) and 6 (Future Research Avenues) say that structured, analytical systematic literature reviews are effective for identifying research gaps. The paper examines theoretical lenses, but it does not say that structuring reviews around theories, constructs, and methodologies is what enables them to pinpoint those gaps. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Paul et al. 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The model suggests that people know influencers are often paid to promote products, services, or destinations.

“The model suggests that people know influencers are often paid to promote products, services, or destinations (Boerman et al. 2017).”

• cites Boerman et al. 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (pp. 4–5) says celebrities are paid to promote products and brands, and that the persuasion knowledge model assumes adults usually recognize celebrity endorsements as advertising. But the Conclusion and Discussion (p. 9) says the study found consumers may struggle to recognize the commercial nature of celebrity posts on social media. The claim omits that qualification and extends the point beyond the products and brands discussed. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Followers on Instagram may respond well to visually appealing content, while those on Twitter may prefer concise and impactful messaging.

“For example, followers on Instagram may respond well to visually appealing content, while those on Twitter may prefer concise and impactful messaging (Femenia-Serra et al. 2022;Nafees et al. 2021).”

• cites Femenia-Serra et al. 2022 sourceCould not verify

  The Findings (‘Changes in communicative practices’; page unavailable) describe the pictures, text and videos Instagram travel influencers posted, but do not establish that followers respond well to visually appealing content. The Limitations section (page unavailable) says the study did not analyze audience perceptions and calls for research on other platforms, including Twitter. The paper therefore does not address the claimed difference in follower preferences. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Nafees et al. 2021 sourceCould not verify

  The Data collection and Measures sections describe a survey of Instagram users about influencer credibility and brand attitudes. Searches for visual content, concise messaging, and Instagram–Twitter differences found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed platform-specific preferences; Twitter appears only in a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Prior research often examined influencer marketing and tourist behaviour separately, overlooking their interconnections.

“Notably, prior studies often segregated the exploration of influencer marketing and tourist behaviour, missing out on the understanding of their interconnectedness.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The theoretical conceptualisation of influencer marketing remains limited despite substantial literature.

“Although there is substantial literature on influencer marketing, the theoretical conceptualisation of this digital marketing practise remains limited.”

May combine two claims.

Influencers sharing personal stories create empathy, leading followers to trust their recommendations.

“Influencers sharing personal stories create empathy, leading followers to trust their recommendations (Yılmazdoğan et al. 2021).”

• cites Yılmazdoğan et al. 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These attitudes shape their travel decisions, preferences and behaviours.

“These attitudes shape their travel decisions, preferences and behaviours.”

May combine two claims.

Direct engagement with influencers increases trust and boosts interest in endorsed destinations.

“As noted by Schorn et al. (2022), direct engagement with influencers increases trust and boosts interest in endorsed destinations.”

• cites Schorn et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Many tourists today seek new information from influencers, using them as trusted sources for travel tips and advice.

“Many tourists today seek new information from influencers, using them as trusted sources for travel tips and advice.”

May combine two claims.

Engaged influencers better understand their followers' preferences, allowing them to tailor content and offer personalised travel advice, positively influencing travel decisions.

“Engaged influencers better understand their followers' preferences, allowing them to tailor content and offer personalised travel advice, positively influencing travel decisions (Munar and Jacobsen 2014).”

• cites Munar and Jacobsen 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Active engagement fosters loyalty, making tourists more likely to follow influencer recommendations.

“Active engagement fosters loyalty, making tourists more likely to follow influencer recommendations (AlFarraj et al. 2021).”

• cites AlFarraj et al. 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The year 2017 witnessed a 300% increase in research publications compared to 2016, and research interest peaked between 2019 and 2023.

“The year 2017 witnessed an increase of 300% in research publications compared to 2016, and this growth in research interest reached its peak between the years of 2019 and 2023.”

May combine two claims.

Active consumers interact with content by liking, commenting, or sharing, and this interaction builds trust in the influencer's recommendations.

“Active consumers, on the other hand, interact with content by liking, commenting, or sharing and this interaction builds trust in the influencer's recommendations.”

May combine two claims.

Characteristics of the stimuli (content types, originality of the message) and influencer characteristics (attractiveness, follower size) as well as follower's parasocial interactions and relationships are found to affect social media followers' behavioural intentions.

“For example, characteristics of the stimuli particularly content types (e.g., branded vs. branded, disclosures vs. non-disclosures), originality of the message and influencer characteristics including attractiveness, follower size, as well as follower's parasocial interactions and relationships, are found to be affecting social media followers' behavioural intentions.”

May combine two claims.

When influencers interact with their audience, tourists feel connected and are more likely to follow the influencer's recommendations.

“When influencers interact with their audience, tourists feel connected and are more likely to follow the influencer's recommendations.”

May combine two claims.

Active followers are more involved in the content and more likely to follow recommendations.

“They are more involved in the content and more likely to follow recommendations”

• cites Chung and Cho 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first significant work on influencer marketing was published in 2008.

“As shown in Figure 3, the first significant work on influencer marketing was published in 2008.”

May combine two claims.

The review identified tourist segments that differ in how they consume influencer content (passively or actively) and in the marketing strategies that work best for them.

“These groups differ in how they consume content-whether passively or actively-and the marketing strategies that work best for them.”

May combine two claims.

Passive consumers follow influencers for inspiration or entertainment but do not engage directly, yet they are still influenced when planning future trips.

“Passive consumers follow influencers for inspiration or entertainment but do not engage directly, yet they are still influenced when planning future trips (Chen, Li, and Joo 2021;Chen, Lin, and Shan 2021).”

• cites Chen, Li, and Joo 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Chen, Lin, and Shan 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Aligning influencers with followers' interests ensures higher engagement rates and a greater likelihood of successful adoption of influencer marketing messages.

“Aligning influencers with followers' interests ensures higher engagement rates and a greater likelihood of successful adoption of influencer marketing messages (Masuda et al. 2022).”

• cites Masuda et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The study identified four individual consumer attitudes and eight travel segments according to exposure to and engagement with influencer marketing content.

“The study identified four individual consumer attitudes and eight travel segments based on their exposure and engagement with influencer marketing contents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Arguments of higher quality tend to produce more favourable responses from the audience.

“Further, the current study proposed that higher-quality arguments tend to lead to more favourable audience responses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The key message characteristics relevant in influencer marketing include content quality, authenticity and credibility, visual appeal and aesthetics, narrative and storytelling, engagement and interactivity, aspirational and experiential aspects, and frequency and timing of posts.

“The key message characteristics relevant in influencer marketing include content quality, authenticity and credibility, visual appeal and aesthetics, narrative and storytelling, engagement and interactivity, aspirational and experiential aspects and frequency and timing of posts.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Message characteristics play a pivotal role in influencer marketing, influencing how content is received, understood and engaged with by the audience.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Curiosity aroused by the uniqueness of content also helps sustain audience interest.

“Curiosity driven by the content's uniqueness also plays a role in keeping the audience interested.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Previous research has explored critical aspects related to tourists, influencers and marketing organisations, including destination promotion, advertising strategies, source credibility, the development of parasocial relationships between influencers and followers, and resulting engagement behaviours such as online recommendations and revisitation intentions.

“In the context of tourism marketing, previous research has explored critical aspects related to tourists, influencers and marketing organisations.These include destination promotion, advertising strategies, source credibility, the development of parasocial relationships between influencers and followers, and resulting engagement behaviours such as online recommendations and revisitation intentions”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Peer-driven travellers are influenced by influencers due to the social proof they see within their network.

“Peer-Driven Travellers (Schorn et al. 2022) Tourists who are influenced by influencers due to the social proof they see within their network.”

• cites Schorn et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Planners take time to research and compare influencer recommendations before making travel decisions.

“Planners (Lefebvre and Cowart 2022) These tourists take time to research and compare influencer recommendations before making travel decisions.”

• cites Lefebvre and Cowart 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Emotional engagement or authenticity in influencer content plays a critical role in changing tourists' decision-making, extending traditional models to social media dynamics.

“The study revealed that emotional engagement or authenticity in influencers' content plays a critical role in altering tourists' decision-making processes, extending traditional models to include social media dynamics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The vast majority of past studies pointed out the significance of influencers' engagement and interaction with their followers.

“The vast majority of past studies pointed out the significance of influencers' engagement and interaction with their followers.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Audience engagement is a vital part of the communication process, as it enhances the effectiveness of the campaign and builds trust and rapport with the audience.

May combine two claims.

Tourists who rely on influencers for travel planning use influencers as a primary source of information, following their recommendations for travel itineraries, accommodation and activities.

“Travel Planning Intentions Tourists who rely on influencers for travel planning.They use influencers as a primary source of information, following their recommendations for travel itineraries, accommodation and activities”

• cites Farivar and Wang 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kapoor et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pop et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The review shows a need for more longitudinal or experimental research to capture influencer marketing's long-term effects on tourist behaviour.

“For instance, it reveals the need for more longitudinal research or experimental designs to capture the long-term effects of influencer marketing on tourist behaviour.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Trend-driven tourists follow the latest travel trends promoted by influencers and prefer destinations or experiences that are currently popular on social media.

“Trend-Driven Tourists (Janssen et al. 2022) These tourists follow the latest travel trends promoted by influencers and prefer destinations or experiences that are currently popular on social media”

• cites Janssen et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The review identified a plethora of antecedents and outcomes of influencer marketing strategies on social media.

“Second, our review identified a plethora of antecedents and outcomes of influencer marketing strategies on social media.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

High-quality travel influencer content inspires potential tourists, sparking wanderlust and aspiration.

“High-quality content from travel influencers serves as a source of inspiration, sparking wanderlust and aspiration among potential tourists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For planners, influencers serve as one part of their broader travel research.

“Influencers serve as one part of their broader travel research”

• cites Lefebvre and Cowart 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study examined in detail the factors shaping tourists' varied behavioural intentions, including content quality, originality, source credibility and homophily.

“The study examined in detail the factors that are influencing tourists' diverse behavioural intentions including content quality, originality, source credibility, homophily and so on.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A review of the literature reveals a significant gap in understanding how emerging technologies influence influencer marketing practises.

“However, a review of the literature reveals a significant gap in understanding how emerging technologies influence influencer marketing practises.”

May combine two claims.

The review's findings show how influencer content alters destination perceptions, shaping tourists' affective and cognitive attitudes and in turn their intended travel behaviour.

“Our findings provide insights into how influencer content changes destination perceptions, contributing to the affective and cognitive attitudes of tourists, which in turn influences their intended travel behaviours.”

May combine two claims.

The review's final dataset comprised 304 research papers published between 2000 and 2025 in 102 ABDC-ranked journals.

“Our approach involved a meticulous, systematic review of 304 high-quality journal articles published between 2000 and 2025.”

• Also stated in: § 2 | Methodology · plain

  “Thus, the final dataset included 304 research papers published between 2000 and 2025 in 102 ABDC-ranked high-quality academic journals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Systematic literature reviews are suitable methodologies for evaluating a corpus of existing research works.

“Systematic literature reviews (SLR) are recognised as suitable methodologies for evaluating a corpus of existing research works (Ginsberg and Venkatraman 1985).”

• cites Ginsberg and Venkatraman 1985 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Source Credibility Model is a framework used to understand how people judge the credibility of different information sources.

“The Source Credibility Model (SCM) is a framework often used in marketing and communication to understand how people judge the credibility of different information sources (Xiao et al. 2018).”

• cites Xiao et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The review reviewed reference lists of all selected articles to identify additional articles that may have been discarded by databases/search engines.

“Finally, we have reviewed the reference list of all selected articles to identify any additional articles that may have been discarded by the databases/search engines.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A credible influencer can persuade their audience to take action, such as making a purchase or trying a new experience.

“SCM suggests that a credible influencer can persuade their audience to take action, such as making a purchase or trying a new experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Parasocial interaction theory was first introduced by Horton and Wohl (1956) and helps explain how audiences connect with media figures.

“First introduced by Horton and Wohl (1956), this theory helps explain how audiences connect with media figures.”

• cites Horton and Wohl 1956 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Persuasion Knowledge Model explains how people become aware of and understand the persuasive intent behind communication, especially in marketing and advertising.

“The Persuasion Knowledge Model (PKM) explains how people become aware of and understand the persuasive intent behind communication, especially in marketing and advertising (Hwang and Zhang 2018).”

• cites Hwang and Zhang 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This connection makes destinations endorsed by influencers seem more valuable and appealing, boosting travel intentions.

“This connection makes destinations endorsed by influencers seem more valuable and appealing, boosting travel intentions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to SCM, messages from credible sources are more effective.

“According to SCM, messages from credible sources are more effective (Hugh et al. 2022).”

• cites Hugh et al. 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

People are more likely to trust and act on advice from influencers they see as credible.

“People are more likely to trust and act on advice from influencers they see as credible (Dedeoglu 2019).”

• cites Dedeoglu 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Passive followers absorb influencer content and may be subconsciously influenced when planning their travels.

“However, they absorb the content and may subconsciously be influenced when planning their travels”

• cites Hudders et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Theories are key to academic growth.

“Lim et al. (2021) pointed out that theories are key to academic growth.”

• cites Lim et al. 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles written in English to be consistent with prior systematic reviews in influencer marketing and consumer behaviour.

“To be consistent with the prior systematic reviews within the field of Influencer marketing and consumer behaviour, we limited our search to peerreviewed articles written in the English language.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The model highlights two key factors for source credibility: expertise and trustworthiness.

“The model highlights two key factors for source credibility: expertise and trustworthiness (Zhang et al. 2019).”

• cites Zhang et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The review used Springer, Emerald, JSTOR, Sage, Taylor and Francis and Wiley to cross-check and ensure no relevant papers were missed.

“Additionally, we used Springer, Emerald, JSTOR, Sage, Taylor and Francis and Wiley to cross-check and ensure no relevant papers have been missed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The relationship between the four independent variables and the dependent variables depends on the strength of certain mediation and/or moderation effects present in the communication context.

“The model also outlines that the relationship between four independent variables and the dependent variables depends on the strength of certain mediation and/or moderation effects present in the communication context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) is regarded as one of the most popular theoretical frameworks available today in the fields of persuasive communication and its impacts on attitude formation and behavioural changes.

“The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) (Petty andCacioppo 1984, 1986) is regarded as one of the most popular theoretical frameworks available today in the fields of persuasive communication and its impacts on attitude formation and behavioural changes (Bhattacherjee and Sanford 2006;Kang and Namkung 2019).”

• cites Petty and Cacioppo 1984, 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bhattacherjee and Sanford 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kang and Namkung 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This allows influencers to create compelling content that fosters deeper emotional connections with potential travellers.

“This allows influencers to create compelling content that fosters deeper emotional connections with potential travellers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rodner et al.'s (2022) use of ethnographic methods and in-depth interviews with young female Instagram users yielded valuable insights into digital social interactions among teenage girls.

“For example, Rodner et al.'s (2022) use of ethnographic methods and in-depth interviews with young female Instagram users yielded valuable insights into digital social interactions among teenage girls.”

• cites Rodner et al. 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent technological advancements, including Virtual Reality (VR), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and mixed reality, are transforming how tourists experience and interact with destinations, both physically and virtually.

“Recent technological advancements, including Virtual Reality (VR), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and mixed reality, are transforming how tourists experience and interact with destinations, both physically and virtually (Flavián et al. 2019).”

• cites Flavián et al. 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Understanding and effectively utilising these message characteristics in influencer marketing campaigns can significantly impact the success of tourism marketing initiatives, driving engagement, conversions and positive brand perception.

“Literature suggests that understanding and effectively utilising these message characteristics in influencer marketing campaigns can significantly impact the success of tourism marketing initiatives, driving engagement, conversions and positive brand perception.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Message characteristics play a pivotal role in influencer marketing, influencing how content is received, understood and engaged with by the audience.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Trivedi's investigation focused on Gen Y consumers, Seçilmiş et al.'s (2022) research targeted travel influencers and Gamage and Ashill's (2023) work honed in on Gen Z females.

“Likewise, Trivedi's investigation focused on Gen Y consumers, Seçilmiş et al.'s (2022) research targeted travel influencers and Gamage and Ashill's (2023) work honed in on Gen Z females, showcasing studies that delved into precise online user segments.”

• cites TrivediNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Seçilmiş et al. 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gamage and Ashill 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

VR and AI hold immense potential to reshape influencer marketing within tourism.

“VR and AI hold immense potential to reshape influencer marketing within tourism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

By utilising VR for immersive storytelling and virtual destination tours, influencers can offer more engaging and interactive experiences for their audiences.

“By utilising VR for immersive storytelling and virtual destination tours, influencers can offer more engaging and interactive experiences for their audiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ELM explains how an individual's attitude is developed via central and peripheral routes of persuasion.

“The ELM explains how an individual's attitude is developed via central and peripheral routes of persuasion.”

May combine two claims.

Studies published after 2024 were excluded from the review, which may reduce the relevance of its findings by the time of publication.

“Due to the time-consuming nature of systematic literature reviews, studies published after 2024 were excluded from our review, which may limit the relevance of the findings by the time they are published.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The ABDC ranking is a widely recognised standard for article inclusion in systematic reviews but is not fully inclusive.

“Although the ABDC ranking is a widely recognised standard for including articles in systematic literature reviews, it is not fully inclusive.”