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Cited by 1,005Immune cells in cancerPhagocytosis and Immune RegulationT-cell and B-cell Immunology

Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity

Open access
Funes, Samanta C., Rios, Mariana, Escobar‐Vera, Jorge, Kalergis, Alexis M.·2018·Immunology
DOI 10.1111/imm.12910PMC PMC5980179
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Abstract

Summary: Macrophages are extremely heterogeneous and plastic cells with an important role not only in physiological conditions, but also during inflammation (both for initiation and resolution). In the early 1990s, two different phenotypes of macrophages were described: one of them called classically activated (or inflammatory) macrophages (M1) and the other alternatively activated (or wound‐healing) macrophages (M2). Currently, it is known that functional polarization of macrophages into only two groups is an over‐simplified description of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity; indeed, it is necessary to consider a continuum of functional states. Overall, the current available data indicate that macrophage polarization is a multifactorial process in which a huge number of factors can be involved producing different activation scenarios. Once a macrophage adopts a phenotype, it still retains the ability to continue changing in response to new environmental influences. The reversibility of polarization has a critical therapeutic value, especially in diseases in which an M1/M2 imbalance plays a pathogenic role. In this review, we assess the high plasticity of macrophages and their potential to be exploited to reduce chronic/detrimental inflammation. On the whole, the evidence detailed in this review underscores macrophage polarization as a target of interest for immunotherapy .

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  • Asiaticoside suppresses expression of M1 macrophages and inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while promoting expression of M2 macrophages, which release anti-inflammatory cytokines.

    “Asiaticoside can successfully suppress the expression of M1 (inflammatory) macrophages and inhibit the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, while simultaneously promoting the expression of M2 macrophages, which consistently release anti‐inflammatory cytokines.”

    From Therapeutic Properties and Pharmacological Activities of Asiaticoside and Madecassoside: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [139]

    The “Phenotypic differences between macrophage subtypes” section describes M1 and M2 macrophages as producing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. But the passages on macrophage polarization do not identify asiaticoside or show that it suppresses M1 macrophages and promotes M2 macrophages; searches for asiaticoside and Centella asiatica found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Funes, S. C., Rios, M., Escobar‐Vera, J., & Kalergis, A. M.
Affiliations
  • Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
  • Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
  • Universidad de Antofagasta (CL)
Corresponding author
Kalergis, Alexis M.
ORCID
Venue
Immunology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-03-08
Volume
154
Issue
2
Pages
186-195
ISSN
  • 0019-2805 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2567
DOI
10.1111/imm.12910
PMC
PMC5980179
OpenAlex
W2793011605
Cited by
1,005
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 72 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 208 · 2023: 211 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 8
FWCI
4.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords
macrophage polarization, autoimmunity, M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, macrophage heterogeneity, macrophage plasticity, chronic inflammation, immunotherapy, inflammation resolution
MeSH terms
Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing), Humans, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Phenotype, Autoimmunity, Cytokines, Immunoglobulins, Intravenous, Inflammation Mediators

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