The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Motherhood as a Status Characteristic
Abstract
We present evidence that many of the disadvantaging effects that motherhood has on women's workplace outcomes derive from the devalued social status attached to the task of being a primary caregiver. Using expectation states theory, we argue that when motherhood becomes a salient descriptor of a worker it, like other devalued social distinctions including gender, downwardly biases the evaluations of the worker's job competence and suitability for positions of authority. We predict that the biases evoked by the motherhood role will be more strongly discriminatory than those produced by gender alone because the perceived conflicts between the cultural definitions of the good mother and the ideal worker make motherhood seem more directly relevant to workplace performance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
HIERARCHIES, JOBS, BODIES: A Theory of Gendered Organizations
ACKER, J. (1990) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/089124390004002002 · Cited by 7,374
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 · Cited by 7,364
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3182 · Cited by 4,690
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240106600203 · Cited by 2,279
Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity?
Bianchi, S. M. (2000) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2000.0001 · Cited by 1,298
Gender, Status, and Leadership
Ridgeway, C. L. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00233 · Cited by 1,270
Self-citationBerger, J., Rosenholtz, S. J., & Zelditch, M. (1980) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.06.080180.002403 · Cited by 945
Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment
Ridgeway, C. L. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657301 · Cited by 939
Self-citationConstraints into Preferences: Gender, Status, and Emerging Career Aspirations
Correll, S. J. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900106 · Cited by 935
Self-citationThe Gender System and Interaction
Ridgeway, C. L., & Smith-Lovin, L. (1999) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.191 · Cited by 796
Self-citation
Cited by
Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?
Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/511799 · Cited by 2,525
Self-citationUnpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations
Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243204265269 · Cited by 1,823
Self-citationHodges, M. J., & Budig, M. J. (2010) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243210386729 · Cited by 356
The Mark of a Woman’s Record: Gender and Academic Performance in Hiring
Quadlin, N. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122418762291 · Cited by 342
van Steenbergen, E. F., Ellemers, N., & Mooijaart, A. (2007) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.279 · Cited by 340
Metadata
- Authors
- Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Social Issues
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-11-08
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 683-700
- ISSN
- 0022-4537 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-4560
- OpenAlex
- W2020814012
- Cited by
- 497
- References
- 37
- FWCI
- 27.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Motherhood as a Status Characteristic. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00380.x
- The paper
- Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Motherhood as a Status Characteristic. Journal of Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00380.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
