The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Increasing Implicit Self-Esteem Through Classical Conditioning
Abstract
Implicit self-esteem is the automatic, nonconscious aspect of self-esteem. This study demonstrated that implicit self-esteem can be increased using a computer game that repeatedly pairs self-relevant information with smiling faces. These findings, which are consistent with principles of classical conditioning, establish the associative and interpersonal nature of implicit self-esteem and demonstrate the potential benefit of applying basic learning principles in this domain.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518 · Cited by 2,519
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895 · Cited by 2,007 · cited 2×
“Self-Esteem Scale ( Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ), the Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971), and an aggression measure (adapted from Taylor, 1967).”
BackgroundMethodUsing the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept
Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022 · Cited by 1,393 · cited 11×
“…indirect means, for example, by examining automatic associations between ‘‘self’’ and ‘‘good,’’ or by assessing evaluative responses to self-relevant objects (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Jones, Pelham, & Mirenberg, 2002; Kitayama & Karasawa, 1997; Koole, Dijksterhuis, & van Knippenberg, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialDe Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.853 · Cited by 1,181
Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00328 · Cited by 968
What's in a name: implicit self-esteem and the automatic self
Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.669 · Cited by 424
Cited by
A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures
Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000160 · Cited by 700
Collective narcissism and its social consequences.
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016904 · Cited by 704
Boosting Attachment Security to Promote Mental Health, Prosocial Values, and Inter-Group Tolerance
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701512646 · Cited by 621
Authentic and Hubristic Pride: The Affective Core of Self-esteem and Narcissism
Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802505053 · Cited by 455
Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x · Cited by 350
Metadata
- Authors
- Baccus, J. R., Baldwin, M. W., & Packer, D. J.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 498-502
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2152851932
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 16.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Increasing Implicit Self-Esteem Through Classical Conditioning. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00708.x
- The paper
- Baccus, J. R., Baldwin, M. W., & Packer, D. J. (2004). Increasing Implicit Self-Esteem Through Classical Conditioning. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00708.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.