Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity

Cunningham, William A.; Preacher, Kristopher J.; Banaji, Mahzarin R.

doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00328

Cited by 974Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity

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Cunningham, William A., Preacher, Kristopher J., Banaji, Mahzarin R.·2001·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/1467-9280.00328

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Abstract

In recent years, several techniques have been developed to measure implicit social cognition. Despite their increased use, little attention has been devoted to their reliability and validity. This article undertakes a direct assessment of the interitem consistency, stability, and convergent validity of some implicit attitude measures. Attitudes toward blacks and whites were measured on four separate occasions, each 2 weeks apart, using three relatively implicit measures (response-window evaluative priming, the Implicit Association Test, and the response-window Implicit Association Test) and one explicit measure (Modern Racism Scale). After correcting for interitem inconsistency with latent variable analyses, we found that (a) stability indices improved and (b) implicit measures were substantially correlated with each other, forming a single latent factor. The psychometric properties of response-latency implicit measures have greater integrity than recently suggested.

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Many indirect measures suffer from low reliability, with the IAT and AMP being exceptions, and for indirect measures with low reliability, discrepancies with direct measures may be driven by reliability differences rather than lack of awareness.
“many indirect measures suffer from low reliability, the only exception being the IAT and the AMP (Gawronski & De Houwer 2014, Greenwald & Lai 2020). Thus, for indirect mea- sures with low reliability, discrepancies with direct measures may be driven by differences in their reliability rather than by lack of awareness (Cunningham et al. 2001).”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Cunningham et al. 2001
The Black-White IAT has good psychometric properties and is linked to basic neural and affective processes relevant to implicit race bias.
“The IAT is a dual-categorization task that has good psychometric properties (Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001; Hofmann et al., 2005) and is linked to basic neural and affective processes relevant to implicit race bias (Cunningham, Raye, & Johnson, 2004; Phelps et al., 2000).”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001

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Authors: Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author: Cunningham, William A.
ORCID: Cunningham, William A.
Preacher, Kristopher J.
Banaji, Mahzarin R.
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-03
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 163-170
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00328
OpenAlex: W2098098526
Cited by: 968
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 113.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-57672, R01MH057672)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: implicit attitudes, reliability statistics, convergent validity, test-retest stability, Implicit Association Test, affective priming, racial attitudes, latent factor structure, response latency
MeSH terms: Adult, Attitude, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Tests, Prejudice, Projective Techniques, Psychometrics, Semantic Differential, Reproducibility of Results

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Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity

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