Authentic and Hubristic Pride: The Affective Core of Self-esteem and Narcissism

Tracy, Jessica L.; Cheng, Joey T.; Robins, Richard W.; Trzesniewski, Kali H.

doi:10.1080/15298860802505053

Cited by 455Personality Traits and PsychologyEmotions and Moral BehaviorForgiveness and Related Behaviors

Authentic and Hubristic Pride: The Affective Core of Self-esteem and Narcissism

Tracy, Jessica L., Cheng, Joey T., Robins, Richard W., Trzesniewski, Kali H.·2009·Self and Identity

DOI 10.1080/15298860802505053

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Do individuals with high self-esteem enjoy positive interpersonal relationships, or are they aggressive and antisocial? Does narcissism reflect an abundance of self-worth, or inflated self-views driven by an overcompensation for low self-esteem? The present research addresses the apparently two-sided nature of self-esteem and narcissism by distinguishing between two distinct self-regulatory processes (narcissistic self-aggrandizement and genuine self-esteem), and proposing that two distinct facets of pride—authentic and hubristic—form the affective core of each. Specifically, findings demonstrate that when narcissistic and genuine self-esteem are empirically distinguished, genuine self-esteem (along with authentic pride) is positively related to successful social relationships and mental health, whereas narcissistic self-aggrandizement (along with hubristic pride) is positively related to aggression and other antisocial behaviors.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/15298860802505053

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

While engaging in self-promoting behaviors, narcissists may visibly experience pride, which outsiders may view as arrogance.
“While engaging in these self-promoting behaviors, narcissists may visibly experience a sense of pride, which outsiders may view as arrogance (Tracy, Cheng, Robins, & Trzesniewski, 2009).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Tracy, Cheng, Robins, & Trzesniewski, 2009

The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 11,720 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210 · see citing works
An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion
Weiner, B. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 · Cited by 7,846 · see citing works
Measuring Dyadic Adjustment: New Scales for Assessing the Quality of Marriage and Similar Dyads
Spanier, G. B. (1976) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/350547 · Cited by 7,095 · see citing works
The Aggression Questionnaire.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452 · Cited by 4,693 · see citing works
Dissertation Abstracts International
Kutler, S. I. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010020122 · Cited by 4,190 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1998) · Cited by 3,968 · see citing works
Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893 · see citing works
Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…Relationships Scale (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) assessing avoidant (a¼ .94) and anxious (a¼ .91) attachment; the Dissociative Experiences Scale (Bernstein & Putnam, 1986; a¼ .96) assessing a tendency toward feeling separated from one’s self; the Social Phobia Scale (Mattick & Clarke,…”
Background
Attachment theory and close relationships
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-6513 · Cited by 3,642 · see citing works
Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety11Editor’s note: This article was written before the development of some contemporary measures of social phobia, such as the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (Turner et al., 1989). We have invited this article for publication because of the growing interest in the scales described therein. S.T.
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367 · see citing works
Two-component models of socially desirable responding.
Paulhus, D. L. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598 · Cited by 3,013 · see citing works
Studies in Machiavellianism
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10497-7 · Cited by 2,943 · see citing works
Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism
Kernberg, O. F. (1995) · doi:10.5040/9798216436638 · Cited by 2,872 · see citing works
Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress <sup>1</sup>
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x · Cited by 2,675 · see citing works
Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism
Adler, G. (1976) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.133.3.353-a · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.
Raskin, R. N., & Terry, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890 · Cited by 2,509 · see citing works
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.5 · Cited by 2,378 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some researchers have suggested that low self-esteem and narcissism are opposite ends of the same continuum (eg, Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996 ), but this conceptualization obscures the important distinction between genuine self-esteem and narcissistic self-aggrandizement.”
Background
Psychological inquiry
(2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315736945-36 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1204_1 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
The Investment Model Scale: Measuring commitment level, satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size
Rusbult, C. E., Martz, J. M., & Agnew, C. R. (1998) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x · Cited by 2,179 · see citing works
Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327 · Cited by 2,110 · cited 3× · see citing works
“95); the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire – Short (Downey & Feldman, 1996 ; α = .”
Background
Shame and Guilt
Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,063 · see citing works
Guilt: An interpersonal approach
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.243 · Cited by 1,884 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Attributing failure to unstable, specific, controllable aspects of the self promotes the negative self-conscious emotion of guilt, rather than shame (Covington & Omelich, 1981 ; Niedenthal et al, 1994 ; Tracy & Robins, 2006 ; Weiner, 1985 ); and guilt, in turn, promotes a range of positive social behaviors, from apolo…”
Background
Empathy and its development
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987) · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
Contingencies of self-worth.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: "Putting the Self Into Self-Conscious Emotions: A Theoretical Model"
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
Self-citation
Low Self-Esteem Is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Delinquency
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Self-citation
The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.506 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?
Bosson, J. K., Jr. Swann William, B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism.
John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.206 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reconciling Race and Class Differences in Self-Reported and Official Estimates of Delinquency
Elliott, D. S., & Ageton, S. S. (1980) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095245 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Egoistic and Moralistic Biases in Self‐Perception: The Interplay of Self‐Deceptive Styles With Basic Traits and Motives
Paulhus, D. L., & John, O. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00041 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research
Paulhus, D. L., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Tracy, J. L. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_7 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Self-citation
Two-dimensional self-esteem: Theory and measurement
Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00169-0 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Secure and defensive high self-esteem.
Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.969 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Appraisal Antecedents of Shame and Guilt: Support for a Theoretical Model
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206290212 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Self-citation
Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself.
McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G., & Spencer, S. J. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.472 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability.
Paulhus, D. L., Harms, P. D., Bruce, M. N., & Lysy, D. C. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.890 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
When Grades Determine Self-Worth: Consequences of Contingent Self-Worth for Male and Female Engineering and Psychology Majors.
Crocker, J., Karpinski, A., Quinn, D. M., & Chase, S. K. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.507 · Cited by 364 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, individuals with non-contingent self-esteem show fewer decreases in self-esteem in response to negative life events (Crocker, Karpinski, Quinn, & Chase, 2003 ), and individuals with high self-esteem, controlling for narcissism (ie, genuine self-esteem), tend not to display aggressive or antisocial behavio…”
Background
Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability
Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x · Cited by 350 · see citing works
"If only I weren't" versus "If only I hadn't": Distinguishing shame and guilt in conterfactual thinking.
Niedenthal, P. M., Tangney, J. P., & Gavanski, I. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.585 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-Evaluated Self-Esteem, Peer-Evaluated Self-Esteem, and Defensive Egotism as Predictors of Adolescents’ Participation in Bullying Situations
Salmivalli, C., Kaukiainen, A., Kaistaniemi, L., & LAGERSPETZ, K. M. J. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299258008 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
I Like Myself but I Don't Know Why: Enhancing Implicit Self-Esteem by Subliminal Evaluative Conditioning.
Dijksterhuis, A. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.345 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-Enhancement Tendencies Among People With High Explicit Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Implicit Self-Esteem
Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309029 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Increasing Implicit Self-Esteem Through Classical Conditioning
Baccus, J. R., Baldwin, M. W., & Packer, D. J. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00708.x · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Defensive Zeal and the Uncertain Self: What Makes You So Sure?
McGregor, I., & Marigold, D. C. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.838 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Narcissism and Childhood Recollections: A Quantitative Test of Psychoanalytic Predictions
Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205279907 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Quest for Self-Insight
Robins, R. W., & John, O. P. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50026-3 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citation
Do narcissists dislike themselves “deep down inside”?
Keith Campbell, W., Bosson, J. K., Goheen, T. W., Lakey, C. E., & Kernis, M. H. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01880.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Proneness to Shame and the Narcissistic Personality
Gramzow, R. H., & Tangney, J. P. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292183014 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
As failures mount: Affective and cognitive consequences of ability demotion in the classroom.
Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1981) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.6.796 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Shame, guilt, narcissism, and depression: Correlates and sex differences.
Wright, F., O’Leary, J. V., & Balkin, J. (1989) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.6.2.217 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
"Death of a (Narcissistic) Salesman:" An Integrative Model of Fragile Self-Esteem: Comment.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2003) · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavioral and self-reported aggression as a function of domain-specific self-esteem
Webster, G. D., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20102 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The hidden sides of self-esteem: Two dimensions of implicit self-esteem and their relation to narcissistic reactions
Sakellaropoulo, M., & Baldwin, M. W. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.009 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-report ratings of empathic emotion.
Batson, C. D. (1987) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Shame, Guilt, Empathy, and the Search for Identity in Arthur Miller's Death of A Salesman
Ribkoff, F. (2000) · Modern Drama · doi:10.3138/md.43.1.48 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028931 · Cited by 2,123 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: a social exchange perspective
O'Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025679 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.
Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034431 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
Pride, personality, and the evolutionary foundations of human social status
Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., & Henrich, J. (2010) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.004 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Self-citation
Narcissism in organizational contexts
Campbell, W. K., Hoffman, B. J., Campbell, S. M., & Marchisio, G. (2010) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.10.007 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
A Dark Side of Happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611406927 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Gender differences in self-conscious emotional experience: A meta-analysis.
Else-Quest, N. M., Higgins, A., Allison, C., & Morton, L. C. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027930 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Orth, U., Erol, R. Y., & Luciano, E. C. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000161 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
The dark side of the sublime: Distinguishing a threat-based variant of awe.
Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., Anderson, C. L., McNeil, G. D., Loew, D., & Keltner, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000120 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
A Meta‐Analytic Test of Redundancy and Relative Importance of the Dark Triad and Five‐Factor Model of Personality
O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., Story, P. A., & White, C. D. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12126 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit
Grapsas, S., Brummelman, E., Back, M. D., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619873350 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
A Naturalist’s View of Pride
Tracy, J., Shariff, A. F., & Cheng, J. T. (2010) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909354627 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Soto, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021342 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-Compassion: A Potential Resource for Young Women Athletes
Mosewich, A. D., Kowalski, K. C., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Tracy, J. L. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.1.103 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citation
The dominance behavioral system and psychopathology: Evidence from self-report, observational, and biological studies.
Johnson, S. L., Leedom, L. J., & Muhtadie, L. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027503 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Separating Narcissism From Self-Esteem
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S. C. E., & Sedikides, C. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415619737 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Refining the vulnerability model of low self-esteem and depression: Disentangling the effects of genuine self-esteem and narcissism.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Meier, L. L., & Conger, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000038 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citation
Authentic and hubristic pride: Differential relations to aspects of goal regulation, affect, and self-control
Carver, C. S., Sinclair, S., & Johnson, S. L. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.09.004 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The Evil Queen's Dilemma: Linking Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry to Benign and Malicious Envy
Lange, J., Crusius, J., & Hagemeyer, B. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2047 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Evidence for two facets of pride in consumption: Findings from luxury brands
McFerran, B., Aquino, K. F., & Tracy, J. L. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.03.004 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development of a brief version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory.
Schoenleber, M. L., Roche, M. J., Wetzel, E., Pincus, A. L., & Roberts, B. W. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000158 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Awe in nature heals: evidence from military veterans, at-risk youth, and college students
Anderson, C. L., Monroy, M., & Keltner, D. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000442 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Small or Big in the Eyes of the Other: On the Developmental Psychopathology of Self-Conscious Emotions as Shame, Guilt, and Pride
Muris, P., & Meesters, C. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0137-z · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Narcissism assessment in social–personality research: Does the association between narcissism and psychological health result from a confound with self-esteem?
Rosenthal, S. A., & Hooley, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.008 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The psychological structure of humility.
Weidman, A. C., Cheng, J. T., & Tracy, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000112 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Role of Body-Related Self-Conscious Emotions in Motivating Women’s Physical Activity
Sabiston, C. M., Brunet, J., Kowalski, K. C., Wilson, P., Mack, D. E., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.4.417 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Sibling Constructs: What Are They, Why Do They Matter, and How Should You Handle Them?
Lawson, K. M., & Robins, R. W. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683211047101 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pride, mindfulness, public self-awareness, affective satisfaction, and customer citizenship behaviour among green restaurant customers
Hwang, K., & Lee, B. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.05.009 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Mismeasure of the Self
Tanesini, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198858836.001.0001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Exploring the impact of employees’ self-concept, brand identification and brand pride on brand citizenship behaviors
Helm, S., Renk, U., & Mishra, A. (2016) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-03-2014-0162 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
How to find what's in a name: Scrutinizing the optimality of five scoring algorithms for the name‐letter task
LeBel, E. P., & Gawronski, B. (2009) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.705 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Conceptual and empirical challenges to the "Authentic" versus "Hubristic" model of pride.
Holbrook, C., Piazza, J., & Fessler, D. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031711 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-esteem, narcissism, and stressful life events: Testing for selection and socialization.
Orth, U., & Luciano, E. C. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000049 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Brand addiction in the contexts of luxury and fast-fashion brands
Mrad, M., Majdalani, J. F., Cui, C. C., & Khansa, Z. E. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102089 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Benefits of Following Your Pride: Authentic Pride Promotes Achievement
Weidman, A. C., Tracy, J. L., & Elliot, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12184 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
Narcissism and self-esteem: A nomological network analysis
Hyatt, C. S., Sleep, C. E., Lamkin, J., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201088 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Pride and Prejudice
Ashton-James, C. E., & Tracy, J. L. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211429449 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Ubiquity of Hidden Shame in Modernity
Scheff, T. J. (2014) · Cultural Sociology · doi:10.1177/1749975513507244 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Are awe‐prone people more curious? The relationship between dispositional awe, curiosity, and academic outcomes
Anderson, C. L., Dixson, D. D., Monroy, M., & Keltner, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12524 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Understanding local food consumption from an ideological perspective: Locavorism, authenticity, pride, and willingness to visit
Kim, S.-H., & Huang, R. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102330 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Facets of narcissism and leadership: A tale of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde?
Fatfouta, R. (2018) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.10.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
What if my coworker builds a better LMX? The roles of envy and coworker pride for the relationships of LMX social comparison with learning and undermining
Pan, J., Zheng, X., Xu, H., Li, J. T., & Lam, C. K. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2549 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Narcissism From the Perspective of the Dynamic Self‐Regulatory Processing Model
Morf, C. C., Torchetti, L., & Schürch, E. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale: A Measure to Distinguish Narcissistic Grandiosity From High Self-Esteem
Rosenthal, S. A., Hooley, J. M., Montoya, R. M., van der Linden, S., & Steshenko, Y. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119858410 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Pride and shame: Key components of a culturally universal status management system
Durkee, P. K., Lukaszewski, A. W., & Buss, D. M. (2019) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.06.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Further evidence of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory’s validity problems: A meta-analytic investigation—Response to Miller, Maples, and Campbell (this issue)
Rosenthal, S. A., Montoya, R. M., Ridings, L. E., Rieck, S. M., & Hooley, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.06.004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Exploring the complexities of body image experiences in middle age and older adult women within an exercise context: The simultaneous existence of negative and positive body images
Bailey, K. A., Cline, L. E., & Gammage, K. L. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
To be grandiose or not to be worthless: Different routes to self-enhancement for narcissism and self-esteem
Horvath, S., & Morf, C. C. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.07.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Is pride a prosocial emotion? Interpersonal effects of authentic and hubristic pride
Wubben, M. J. J., De Cremer, D., & van Dijk, E. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.646956 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Hubris Hypothesis: You Can Self‐Enhance, But You'd Better Not Show It
Hoorens, V., Pandelaere, M., Oldersma, F. L., & Sedikides, C. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00759.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Neural correlates of processing “self-conscious” vs. “basic” emotions
Gilead, M., Katzir, M., Eyal, T., & Liberman, N. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Expressive and Reserved Cultural Linguistic Schemas: British and American Pride Clusters
Lewandowska‐Tomaszczyk, B., & Wilson, P. A. (2020) · Cultural linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4696-9_13 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Pride displays communicate self-interest and support for meritocracy.
Horberg, E. J., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032849 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cross-cultural evidence for the two-facet structure of pride
Shi, Y., Chung, J. M., Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., Chen, X., & Zheng, Y. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.01.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Retracted: Proud to Belong or Proudly Different? Lay Theories Determine Contrasting Effects of Incidental Pride on Uniqueness Seeking
Huang, X., Dong, P., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/677225 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Retracted
Body-related pride in young adults: an exploration of the triggers, contexts, outcomes and attributions.
Castonguay, A., Gilchrist, J., Mack, D., & Sabiston, C. (2013) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.03.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence as a Basis for Self-Esteem in Young Adults
Cheung, C., Cheung, H. Y., & Hue, M. T. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.838540 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Reducing hotel employee turnover intention by promoting pride in job and meaning of work: A cross-cultural perspective
Le, L. H., Hançer, M., Chaulagain, S., & Pham, P. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103409 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Emotional Underpinnings of Social Status
Steckler, C. M., & Tracy, J. L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0867-7_10 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citation
Are self‐esteem and academic achievement reciprocally related? Findings from a longitudinal study of Mexican‐origin youth
Zheng, L. R., Atherton, O. E., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12550 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
The perks of narcissism: Behaving like a star speeds up career advancement to the CEO position
Rovelli, P., & Curnis, C. (2020) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101489 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Great Power Narcissism and Ontological (In)Security: The Narrative Mediation of Greatness and Weakness in International Politics
Hagström, L. (2021) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqab011 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
On passion and moral behavior in achievement settings: The mediating role of pride
Bureau, J. S., Vallerand, R. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Lafrenière, M. K. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9292-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Narcissistic CEOs and their earnings management
Kontesa, M., Brahmana, R., & Tong, A. (2020) · Journal of Management & Governance · doi:10.1007/s10997-020-09506-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Arrogant or self-confident? The use of contextual knowledge to differentiate hubristic and authentic pride from a single nonverbal expression
Tracy, J., & Prehn, C. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.561298 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
What Is Implicit Self-Esteem, and Does it Vary Across Cultures?
Falk, C. F., & Heine, S. J. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314544693 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
How Does It Feel to Be a Narcissist? Narcissism and Emotions
Czarna, A. Z., Zajenkowski, M., & Dufner, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_27 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Behavioral Governance and Self-Conscious Emotions: Unveiling Governance Implications of Authentic and Hubristic Pride
Bodolica, V., & D, M. S. A. B. (2010) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0695-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Narcissism, the Agency Model, and Approach‐Avoidance Motivation
Foster, J. D., & Brennan, J. C. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Conceptual and empirical strengths of the authentic/hubristic model of pride.
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034490 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Drivers of eWOM engagement on social media for luxury consumers: Analysis, implications, and future research directions
Pangarkar, A., Patel, J. D., & Kumar, S. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103410 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Does a narcissism epidemic exist in modern western societies? Comparing narcissism and self-esteem in East and West Germany
Vater, A., Moritz, S., & Roepke, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188287 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Beyond the correlation between tourist eudaimonic and hedonic experiences: necessary condition analysis
Lee, W., & Jeong, C. (2020) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2019.1611747 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The similar versus divergent effects of pride and happiness on the effectiveness of loyalty programs
Septianto, F., An, J., Chiew, T. M., Paramita, W., & Tanudharma, I. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.021 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Introducing an instrument to measure body and fitness-related self-conscious emotions: The BSE-FIT
Castonguay, A. L., Sabiston, C. M., Kowalski, K. C., & Wilson, P. M. (2015) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.10.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Group climate, personality, and self-reported aggression in incarcerated male youth
van der Helm, P., Stams, G. J. J. M., van Genabeek, M., & van der Laan, P. H. (2011) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2011.633615 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Narcissistic Self‐Enhancement
Wallace, H. M. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch27 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Path to sustainable luxury brand consumption: face consciousness, materialism, pride and risk of embarrassment
Islam, T., Wang, Y., Ali, A., & Akhtar, N. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-09-2020-4099 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Goffman on Emotions: The Pride‐Shame System
Scheff, T. J. (2013) · Symbolic Interaction · doi:10.1002/symb.86 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Leader Apologies and Employee and Leader Well-Being
Byrne, A., Barling, J. I., & Dupré, K. E. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1685-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Can pride be a vice and virtue at work? Associations between authentic and hubristic pride and leadership behaviors
Yeung, E., & Shen, W. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2352 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Are parenting practices associated with the development of narcissism? Findings from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth
Wetzel, E., & Robins, R. W. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Shame and the Social Bond
Scheff, T. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.32132-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Moral Identity Development and Positive Moral Emotions: Differences Involving Authentic and Hubristic Pride
Krettenauer, T., & Casey, V. (2015) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2015.1023441 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Are narcissistic CEOs good or bad for family firm innovation?
Rovelli, P., Massis, A. D., & Gómez‐Mejía, L. R. (2022) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267221076834 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
On Ethically Solvent Leaders: The Roles of Pride and Moral Identity in Predicting Leader Ethical Behavior
Sanders, S., Wisse, B. M., Yperen, N. W. V., & Rus, D. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3180-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Suppress for success? Exploring the contexts in which expressing positive emotion can have social costs
Greenaway, K. H., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2017) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2017.1331874 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Internal control beliefs shape positive affect and associated neural dynamics during outcome valuation
Stolz, D. S., Müller‐Pinzler, L., Krach, S., & Paulus, F. M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14800-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Raising Children With High Self-Esteem (But Not Narcissism)
Brummelman, E., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12362 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Emotional Dynamics of Narcissism: Inflated by Pride, Deflated by Shame
Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Martens, J. P., & Robins, R. W. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch29 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
“Let Me Show You How Nice I Am”: Impression Management as Bias in Empathic Responses
Sassenrath, C. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619884566 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Toward a theory of spirals: the dynamic relationship between organizational pride and customer-oriented behavior
Kraemer, T., Weiger, W. H., Gouthier, M. H. J., & Hammerschmidt, M. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00715-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The evolution of pride and social hierarchy
Tracy, J., Mercadante, E. J., Witkower, Z., & Cheng, J. T. (2020) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2020.04.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pride: The Emotional Foundation of Social Rank Attainment.
Tracy, J., Mercadante, E. J., & Hohm, I. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032720-040321 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
The psychological structure, social consequences, function, and expression of pride experiences
Mercadante, E., Witkower, Z., & Tracy, J. L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.010 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
The dominance behavioral system and manic temperament: Motivation for dominance, self-perceptions of power, and socially dominant behaviors
Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.015 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Medial orbitofrontal cortex is associated with shifting decision thresholds in self-serving cognition
Hughes, B., & Beer, J. S. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.011 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
National Pride: War Minus the Shooting
Kavetsos, G. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9801-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Are implicit self-esteem measures valid for assessing individual and cultural differences?
Falk, C. F., Heine, S. J., Takemura, K., Zhang, C. X. J., & Hsu, C.-W. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12082 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Authentic and hubristic pride: Differential effects on delay of gratification.
Ho, S.-Y., Tong, E. M. W., & Jia, L. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000179 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Exploring the interactive role of narcissism and self-esteem on self-presentation
Hart, W., Richardson, K., Breeden, C. J., Tortoriello, G. K., & Kinrade, C. (2021) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2021.1884593 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
肯定的自己評価の諸側面 : 自尊感情と自己愛に関する研究の概観から
Nakayama, R. (2009) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.18999/nupsych.55.105
Interpersonal Views of Narcissism and Authentic High Self-Esteem: It is Not all about you
Byrne, J. S., & O'Brien, E. J. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/21.09.pr0.115c15z9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Correlation of High Self-Esteem and Aggression in Adolescents
Smith, S., Dominguez, J., & Potter, C. R. (2009) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
Implicit self-esteem and narcissism: rethinking the link
Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (1970) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Authors: Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
University of California, Davis (US)
Western University (CA)
ORCID: Tracy, Jessica L.
Cheng, Joey T.
Robins, Richard W.
Trzesniewski, Kali H.
Venue: Self and Identity
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2009-04
Volume: 8
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 196-213
ISSN: 1529-8868 (ISSN-L)
1529-8876
DOI: 10.1080/15298860802505053
OpenAlex: W1978619704
Cited by: 455
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 17.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Self and Identity (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Keywords: self-esteem, narcissism, authentic pride, hubristic pride, self-regulation, interpersonal relationships, aggression, antisocial behavior, mental health, affect

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Authentic and Hubristic Pride: The Affective Core of Self-esteem and Narcissism

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks