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Cited by 295Impact of Technology on AdolescentsAttachment and Relationship DynamicsMedia and Digital Communication

The Role of Social Network Sites in Romantic Relationships: Effects on Jealousy and Relationship Happiness

Open access
Utz, Sonja, Beukeboom, Camiel J.·2011·Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
DOI 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x
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Abstract

We examined whether relationship satisfaction, trait jealousy, SNS use and need for popularity predicted these emotional consequences of SNS use and tested the moderating role of self-esteem.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

4 of 66 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Self-esteem has repeatedly been found to moderate processes in romantic relationships.

    “self-esteem has repeatedly been found to moderate processes in romantic relationships (Cameron, Holmes, & Vorauer, 2009;Murray, Aloni, et al., 2009;Murray, Leder, et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cameron, Holmes, & Vorauer, 2009 source
    • cites Murray, Aloni, et al., 2009 source
    • cites Murray, Leder, et al., 2009 source
  • Premisecitation

    Low self-esteem individuals cope less successfully with various stress-situations in the relationship.

    “In general, low self-esteem individuals cope less successfully with various stress-situations in the relationship (Cameron et al., 2009;Murray, Aloni, et al., 2009;Murray, Leder, et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cameron et al., 2009 source
    • cites Murray, Aloni, et al., 2009 source

      The Abstract and General Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report that low-self-esteem people showed greater anxiety about inferiority and replacement in specific relationship situations, supporting a narrower version of the claim. The paper does not establish that they cope less successfully across various relationship stressors; the General Discussion also suggests their dependence-promoting response may protect relationships in the short term. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Murray, Leder, et al., 2009 source

      Experiment 2’s Discussion and the General Discussion report that, when faced with the possibility of being replaced, low-self-esteem participants distanced themselves from their partners, while high-self-esteem participants took compensatory action. This supports the claim for that relationship threat, but the paper’s findings do not establish that low-self-esteem individuals cope less successfully across various relationship stress situations. The supplied copy gives no page numbers for these sections. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingnone given

    For high-self-esteem individuals, SNS use for grooming was the main predictor of SNS jealousy and SNS relationship happiness.

    “For high-self-esteem individuals, SNS use for grooming was the main predictor.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Another 30% reported that they were likely to monitor the profile of the partner on a regular basis.

    “and another 30% reported that they were likely to monitor the profile of the partner on a regular basis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Low- and high-self-esteem individuals did not differ in SNS relationship happiness (Ms = 4.70, SD = 1.26, vs. 4.75, SD = 1.41, ns).

    “Low-and highself-esteem individuals did not differ in SNS relationship happiness (Ms = 4.70, SD = 1.26, vs. 4.75, SD = 1.41, ns).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 53
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 50
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    For low self-esteem individuals, need for popularity predicted SNS jealousy and SNS relationship happiness.

    “For low self-esteem individuals, need for popularity predicted jealousy and relationship happiness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Only the item 'add your partner's friends to your SNS to keep tabs on your partner' received similar rejection rates as the items of the monitoring behavior scale.

    “Only the item ''add your partner's friends to your SNS to keep tabs on your partner'' received similar rejection rates as the items of the monitoring behavior scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the final model for low self-esteem individuals, monitoring behavior and trait jealousy were still significant predictors, but need for popularity had the strongest effect.

    “monitoring behavior, β = .31,p < .05,and trait jealousy, β = .32,p < .05were still significant predictors, but need for popularity had the strongest effect, β = .48,p < .01.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For low self-esteem individuals, gender and relationship satisfaction had no significant effect on SNS jealousy.

    “For individuals low in self-esteem, gender and relationship satisfaction had no significant effect.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Monitoring behavior and need for popularity significantly predicted SNS jealousy, whereas the different types of SNS use (profile maintenance and grooming) and relationship satisfaction failed to reach significance.

    “Monitoring behavior, β = .40,p < .01,and need for popularity, β = .33,p < .01,significantly predicted SNS jealousy, whereas the different types of SNS use (profile maintenance and grooming) and relationship satisfaction failed to reach significance, all ts < 1.61.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For high self-esteem individuals, the first block explained 47% of the variance, but only monitoring behavior had a significant effect.

    “The first block explained 47% of the variance, but only monitoring behavior had a significant effect, β = .62,p < .001.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For high self-esteem individuals, need for popularity contributed another 3% of explained variance, but this effect was only marginally significant.

    “Need for popularity contributed another 3% of explained variance, but this effect was only marginally significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    More females than males were in the sample.

    “Moreover, more females than males were in the sample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For low self-esteem individuals, adding SNS use increased adjusted R2 to .30, driven by frequency of login.

    “Adding SNS use increased the adjusted R 2 to .30.This was driven by the effect of frequency of login, β = .64,p < .01.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The effect of need for popularity on SNS happiness was only marginally significant, and was only found for low-self-esteem individuals.

    “This effect was only marginally significant, and was only found for the low-self-esteem individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Almost 30% were for 3 years or longer in their relationship.

    “However, almost 30% were for 3 years or longer in their relationship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the present study, we measured more aspects of SNS use, and these explained much more variance (13-23%).

    “In the present study, we measured more aspects of SNS use, and these explained much more variance (13-23%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Relationship satisfaction and SNS use, especially use for grooming, predict higher SNS relationship happiness.

    “Relationships satisfaction and SNS use, especially use for grooming, predict higher SNS relationship happiness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For low-self-esteem individuals, SNS relationship happiness was determined by relationship satisfaction, but also by frequency of login.

    “For low-selfesteem individuals, SNS relationship happiness was determined by relationship satisfaction, but also by frequency of login.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For high self-esteem individuals, relationship satisfaction and gender did not have a significant effect in block 1, adjusted R2 = .01.

    “Relationship satisfaction and gender did not have a significant effect in block 1, adjusted R 2 = .01.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For low self-esteem individuals, the first block explained 17% of the variance in SNS relationship happiness.

    “The first block explained 17% of the variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    SNS relationship happiness of low self-esteem individuals was related to relationship satisfaction and frequency of login, whereas high-self-esteem individuals' SNS relationship happiness was predicted by SNS use for grooming only.

    “SNS relationship happiness of the low self-esteem individuals was related to relationship satisfaction and frequency of login, whereas the SNS relationship happiness of the high-self-esteem individuals was predicted by SNS use for grooming only.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Low-self-esteem individuals experienced more SNS jealousy than high-self-esteem individuals, whereas these groups did not differ in experienced SNS relationship happiness.

    “However, low-self-esteem individuals experienced more SNS jealousy than high-self-esteem individuals, whereas these groups did not differ in experienced SNS relationship happiness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For low-self-esteem individuals, need for popularity had a strong impact; the higher their need for popularity, the higher their likelihood to experience SNS jealousy.

    “For low-self-esteem individuals, need for popularity had a strong impact.The higher their need for popularity, the higher their likelihood to experience SNS jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For low self-esteem individuals, there was an effect for gender; women tended to experience more SNS relationship happiness than men.

    “There was also an effect for gender, β = .30,p < .05.Women tended to experience more SNS relationship happiness than men.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    SNS use for grooming was the main predictor of SNS jealousy as well as SNS relationship happiness of high-self-esteem, but not of low-self-esteem, individuals.

    “SNS use for grooming was the main predictor of SNS jealousy as well as SNS relationship happiness of high-self-esteem, but not of low-self-esteem, individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Relationship satisfaction, frequency of login, and SNS use for grooming predicted SNS relationship happiness.

    “Relationship satisfaction, β = .29,p < .01,frequency of login, β = .37,p < .05,and SNS use for grooming, β = .34,p < .05,predicted SNS relationship happiness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the final model for high self-esteem individuals, there were marginally significant effects for need for popularity, frequency of login, and relationship satisfaction.

    “There were also marginally significant effects for need for popularity, β = .23,p < .10,frequency of login, β = .35,p < .10,and relationship satisfaction, β = -.21,p < .10.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Trait jealousy was only a significant predictor for low-self-esteem individuals, and not for high-self-esteem individuals.

    “Trait jealousy, however, was only a significant predictor for low-self-esteem individuals, and not for high-self-esteem individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The sample was relatively young and the respondents did not have relationships that lasted for 10 years or longer.

    “As a typical student sample, the sample was also relatively young and the respondents did not have relationships that lasted for 10 years or longer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    About half of the sample never engaged in traditional monitoring behavior such as searching the partner's bags or secretly reading the partner's e-mails, but respondents were quite likely to monitor the partner's SNS profile.

    “About half of the sample never engaged in traditional monitoring behavior such as searching the partner's bags or secretly reading the partner's e-mails.However, respondents were quite likely to monitor the partner's SNS profile.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Trait jealousy, monitoring behavior, and need for popularity were positively related to SNS jealousy.

    “Trait jealousy (H1), monitoring behavior (H2), and need for popularity (H4) were positively related to SNS jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The effect of need for popularity on SNS jealousy was much stronger for low self-esteem individuals, and SNS use only had an effect for high-self-esteem individuals.

    “the effect of need for popularity was much stronger for low self-esteem individuals, and SNS use only had an effect for high-self-esteem individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reactive jealousy occurs as a reaction to a real threat to the relationship, whereas anxious and possessive jealousy can also occur in the absence of a real threat.

    “Reactive jealousy occurs as reaction to a real threat to the relationship, whereas anxious and possessive jealousy can also occur in the absence of a real threat.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Buunk (1991,1997)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Time spent on Facebook explained an additional 2% of variance in Facebook jealousy.

    “However, time spent on Facebook explained an additional 2% of variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Relatively little research has focused on the effects of SNS on romantic relationships.

    “Up till now, relatively little research has focused on the effects of SNS on romantic relationships.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Need for popularity is related to self-disclosure on the SNS.

    “Christofides, Muise, and Desmarais (2009) reported that need for popularity was related to self-disclosure on the SNS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Christofides, Muise, and Desmarais (2009) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Higher relationship trust is related to lower Facebook jealousy.

    “The higher relationship trust, the lower Facebook jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SNS are nonymous online environments; users can be identified and found in real life.

    “SNS are ''nonymous'' online environments (Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin, 2008).That is, users can be identified and found in real life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin, 2008 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Being popular among SNS friends is a central motivation for SNS use.

    “Zhao et al. (2008) identified being popular among SNS friends as a central motivation for SNS use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhao et al. (2008) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Trait jealousy showed the largest positive effect and explained, together with gender, 46% of the variance of Facebook jealousy.

    “Trait jealousy, measured by self-report, showed the largest positive effect and explained, together with gender, 46% of the variance of Facebook jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People create desirable identities on SNS and try to become popular among their friends.

    “People create desirable identities on SNS and try to become popular among their friends (Zhao et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhao et al., 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    SNS are mainly used for the maintenance of social relationships, especially for upholding contact with weaker social ties.

    “SNS are mainly used for the maintenance of social relationships, especially for upholding contact with weaker social ties (Ellison et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ellison et al., 2007 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Muise et al. (2009) showed that people can become jealous if they see their partner interacting with potential romantic partners on Facebook.

    “Muise et al. ( 2009) showed that people can become jealous if they see their partner interacting with potential romantic partners on Facebook.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The Facebook jealousy scale measures the likelihood of reactions in hypothetical situations and does not address reactions to actual cheating.

    “The scale measures the likelihood of reactions in hypothetical situations.None of the items addresses the reactions on actual cheating (= reactive jealousy)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Visiting the SNS profiles of friends and partner is part of the SNS routine of many users.

    “Visiting the SNS profiles of friends and partner, however, is part of the SNS routine of many users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The constant availability of information about the partner on the SNS contributes to jealousy.

    “These authors argued that the constant availability of information about the partner on the SNS contributes to jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Facebook jealousy was mainly determined by trait jealousy.

    “Although Facebook jealousy was mainly determined by trait jealousy”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    SNS offer a socially accepted way of monitoring the partner.

    “A second characteristic is that SNS offer a socially accepted way of monitoring the partner.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning

    SNS centralize much of the information about a partner that people have always received from friends or acquaintances at one point.

    “Even though people have always received information about their partner from friends or acquaintances, SNS centralize much of this information at one point.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Relationship uncertainty, commitment, and self-esteem had no effect on Facebook jealousy.

    “Relationship uncertainty, commitment, and self-esteem had no effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    On social network sites, information about one's romantic partner is readily available and public for friends.

    “On social network sites (SNS), information about one's romantic partner is readily available and public for friends.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Users deliberately choose pictures that make them look cool and popular.

    “For example, users deliberately choose pictures that make them look cool and popular (Siibak, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Siibak, 2009

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Low-self-esteem individuals try to compensate their low self-esteem by creating an idealized picture.

    “Low-self-esteem individuals try to compensate their low self-esteem by creating an idealized picture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Impression management is an important motive for setting up and maintaining a profile on a SNS.

    “Impression management has been found to be an important motive for setting up and maintaining a profile on a SNS (Krämer & Winter, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Krämer & Winter, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women and jealous individuals exhibited higher levels of Facebook jealousy.

    “Women and jealous individuals exhibited higher levels of Facebook jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There was an additional effect of time spent on Facebook on Facebook jealousy, indicating that SNS increase feelings of jealousy.

    “there was an additional effect of time spent on Facebook, indicating that SNS increase feelings of jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Seeing on a SNS that the partner puts an arm around another member of the opposite sex might be experienced as a public self threat because the picture can be seen by all friends and acquaintances.

    “Seeing on a SNS that the partner puts an arm around another member of the opposite sex might be experienced as a public self threat because this picture can be seen by all friends and acquaintances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Especially individuals with a high need for popularity react with SNS jealousy.

    “especially individuals with a high need for popularity react with SNS jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Displayed relationships on SNS usually correspond to offline relationships and are termed anchored relationships.

    “The displayed relationships usually correspond to offline relationships and are therefore termed ''anchored relationships'' (Zhao et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhao et al., 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Three items in the style of Pfeiffer and Wong's behavioral jealousy subscale assessed traditional monitoring behavior.

    “Three items in the style of Pfeiffer and Wong's (1989) behavioral jealousy subscale assessed traditional monitoring behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pfeiffer and Wong's (1989) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results support H1, H2, and H4.

    “The results support H1, H2, and H4.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    There were also positive effects on bonding capital, strong ties with close friends.

    “However, there were also positive effects on bonding capital, strong ties with close friends.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ellison et al., 2007 source
    • cites Steinfield et al., 2008 source
    • cites Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Monitoring the partner on a SNS might be more common and apparently socially more accepted than monitoring the partner offline.

    “They indicate that monitoring the partner on a SNS might be more common and apparently socially more accepted than monitoring the partner offline.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People publicly display their affection on SNS and partners value these public signs of affection.

    “Mod (2010) also found that people publicly display their affection on SNS and that partners value these public signs of affection”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mod (2010)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    SNS are especially useful for maintaining bridging capital, that is, weaker ties with acquaintances.

    “These studies found that SNS are especially useful for maintaining bridging capital, that is, weaker ties with acquaintances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ellison et al., 2007 source
    • cites Steinfield et al., 2008 source
    • cites Valenzuela, Park, & Kee, 2009 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Changing the relationship status is a major step in a relationship and can also alter dynamics in the offline relationship.

    “Mod (2010) found that changing the relationship status is a major step in a relationship and can also alter dynamics in the offline relationship.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mod (2010)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Need for popularity was measured with seven items from the popularity scale by Santor, Messervey, and Kusumakar (2000).

    “Need for popularity was measured with seven items from the popularity scale by Santor, Messervey, and Kusumakar (2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Santor, Messervey, and Kusumakar (2000) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Self-esteem was measured with the Rosenberg scale (Rosenberg, 1979).

    “Self-esteem was measured with the Rosenberg scale (Rosenberg, 1979).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rosenberg, 1979

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The remaining 26 Facebook jealousy items were combined into one scale, α = .96.

    “The remaining 26 items were combined into one scale, α = .96.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The effects of SNS use on bonding capital were less strong and not moderated by self-esteem.

    “The effects of SNS use on bonding capital were less strong and not moderated by self-esteem.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ellison et al., 2007 source
    • cites Steinfield et al., 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The short version of the need for popularity scale turned out to be reliable, α = .81.

    “The original scale had 12 items, but the short version turned out to be reliable, α = .81.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Six items referring to grooming formed a reliable scale (α = .85).

    “six items referred to grooming (e.g., ''How often do you visit the profiles of close friends?''''How often do you leave messages (krabbels, wallposts) on the profiles of acquaintances?''α = .85).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The SNS intensity scale questions were taken from Ellison et al. (2007).

    “These questions were taken from the SNS intensity scale by Ellison et al. (2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ellison et al. (2007) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Facebook jealousy scale by Muise et al. (2009) was used.

    “The Facebook jealousy scale by Muise et al. (2009) was used.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    SNS users express their affection to loved ones on their profiles.

    “Zhao et al. (2008) reported that SNS users express their affection to loved ones on their profiles”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhao et al. (2008) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Muise et al. (2009) used time spent on Facebook as only SNS use variable; and this variable explained 2% of the variance.

    “Muise et al. (2009) used time spent on Facebook as only SNS use variable; and this variable explained 2% of the variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Afifi et al. (2001) found that the method of infidelity discovery matters, and that public discovery of relational transgression is perceived as more severe than a private disclosure by the partner.

    “Afifi et al. (2001) found that the method of infidelity discovery matters.”
    • Also stated in: § SNS jealousy. · plain
      “Afifi et al. (2001) found that public discovery of relational transgression is perceived as more severe than a private disclosure by the partner.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Afifi et al. (2001) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It seems plausible that monitoring the partner on a SNS is socially more acceptable because of the public character of SNS.

    “it seems plausible that monitoring the partner on a SNS is socially more acceptable because of the public character of SNS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We corrected for this distribution by including gender as control variable in all analysis.

    “We corrected for this distribution by including gender as control variable in all analysis”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If low self-esteem individuals additionally have a high need for popularity, they are especially sensitive to negative cues and experience more jealousy when encountering relationship threatening comments or pictures on a SNS.

    “If they additionally have a high need for popularity, they are especially sensitive to negative cues and experience more jealousy when encountering relationship threatening comments or pictures on a SNS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    SNS provide people with much more information about their partner, and it is socially more accepted to monitor the partner's activities via a SNS.

    “SNS do not only provide people with much more information about their partner, it is also socially more accepted to monitor the partner's activities via a SNS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    This is the first study on the effects of SNS use and romantic relationships that simultaneously examined SNS jealousy and SNS relationship happiness.

    “To conclude, this is the first study on the effects of SNS use and romantic relationships that simultaneously examined SNS jealousy and SNS relationship happiness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Social desirability might therefore have influenced the results.

    “social desirability might therefore have influenced the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Especially low-self-esteem individuals with a high score on trait jealousy interpret the behaviors of their partner on the SNS as more threatening, and consequently experience SNS jealousy.

    “It appears that, especially low-self-esteem individuals with a high score on trait jealousy interpret the behaviors of their partner on the SNS as more threatening, and consequently experience SNS jealousy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Trait jealousy is a relatively stable personality characteristic that is not related to a specific partner.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Our study demonstrates that SNS have the potential to increase relationship satisfaction and happiness, because they allow for public demonstrations of affection and relationship commitment.

    “Our study demonstrates that SNS have the potential to increase relationship satisfaction and happiness, because they allow for public demonstrations of affection and relationship commitment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    In a more diverse sample, relationship satisfaction might have a stronger impact on SNS jealousy and SNS relationship happiness.

    “In a more diverse sample, relationship satisfaction might have a stronger impact on SNS jealousy and SNS relationship happiness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SNS use can increase bridging, and, to a lesser degree, also bonding capital.

    “Prior research has already shown that SNS use can increase bridging, and, to a lesser degree, also bonding capital (Ellison et al., 2007;Steinfield et al., 2008, Valenzuela et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ellison et al., 2007 source
    • cites Steinfield et al., 2008 source
    • cites Valenzuela et al., 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The present study replicated some basic findings of Muise et al. (2009) and thereby generalized these findings to a different SNS.

    “The present study replicated some basic findings of Muise et al. (2009) and thereby generalized these findings to a different SNS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muise et al. (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    SNS relationship happiness as well as SNS jealousy of high-self-esteem individuals is mainly based on the content encountered on the profiles of friends or the partner.

    “indicating that SNS relationship happiness as well as SNS jealousy of high-self-esteem individuals is mainly based on the content encountered on the profiles of friends or the partner.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results support H7 and H8.

    “This supports H7 and H8.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    SNS use explained additional variance, showing that using SNS can further enhance already existing feelings of relationship happiness.

    “SNS use explained additional variance, showing that using SNS can further enhance already existing feelings of relationship happiness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The actual levels of monitoring behavior might be higher, but we have no reason to doubt the correlations we observed.

    “The actual levels of monitoring behavior might be higher, but we have no reason to doubt the correlations we observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    SNS monitoring behavior and traditional monitoring behavior were measured on slightly different scales because they were taken and adapted from different scales.

    “Unfortunately, SNS monitoring behavior and traditional monitoring behavior were measured on slightly different scales because they were taken and adapted from different scales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This further corroborates the assumption that low-self-esteem individuals compensate their low-self-esteem with the display of a happy relationship, and become more happy if they succeed in it.

    “This further corroborates the assumption that low-self-esteem individuals compensate their low-self-esteem with the display of a happy relationship, and become more happy if they succeed in it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The amount of information, the socially accepted way of monitoring the partner, and the public display of potentially jealousy-inducing events can lead to negative experiences, especially among low-self-esteem individuals with a high need for popularity.

    “However, the amount of information, the socially accepted way of monitoring the partner, and the public display of potentially jealousy-inducing events can lead to negative experiences, especially among low-self-esteem individuals with a high need for popularity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
91 of 91

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The direction of the effects of SNS use on romantic relationships mainly depends on the relationship quality and the behavior of the partner.

    “We do not assume that SNS use is bad or good for relationships per se; instead, we assume that the direction of the effects mainly depends on the relationship quality and the behavior of the partner.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Information on a SNS is public, at least within the circle of friends.

    “Information on a SNS is public, at least within the circle of friends.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    SNS monitoring is not per se an intentional activity; information about SNS friends' actions is automatically pushed into the user's news feed and is not secretly pulled from the partner's profile.

    “Moreover, SNS monitoring, in contrast to traditional monitoring, is not per se an intentional activity.Information about the actions of SNS friends is automatically pushed into the user's news feed, and is not secretly pulled from the partner's profile.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Trait jealousy is a relatively stable personality characteristic that is not related to a specific partner.

    “Trait jealousy is a relatively stable personality characteristic that is not related to a specific partner.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Recruiting respondents via banners on SNS usually results in a self-selected sample in which highly active users are overrepresented.

    “Recruiting respondents via banners on SNS usually results in a self-selected sample in which highly active users are overrepresented.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(80) = -12.14reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(80) = -12.14,p < .001”

  • Consistentt(79) = 1.94reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .056

    “t(79) = 1.94, p < .05”

    The paper states a one-tailed test

  • ConsistentF(9, 71) = 12.82reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(9,71) = 12.82, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 73) = 5.27reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7,73) = 5.27, p < .001”

4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Buunk, 1991, Psychological perspectives on jealousy and envy, 148
  2. Metts, 2000, Handbook of personal relationships., 373
  3. Siibak , A. 2009 Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 3 http://cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2009061501&article=1

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Utz, S., & Beukeboom, C. J.
Affiliations
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2011-07
Volume
16
Issue
4
Pages
511-527
ISSN
1083-6101 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x
OpenAlex
W2072670966
Cited by
295
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
FWCI
53.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 1523 d)
Locations
  • Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
Keywords
social network sites, romantic relationships, relationship happiness, relationship satisfaction, self-esteem, online grooming

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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