Cited by 214Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesMental Health and PsychiatryGambling Behavior and Treatments

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Substance use disorders: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) and International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD‐10)

Hasin, Deborah, Hatzenbuehler, Mark L., Keyes, Katherine, Ogburn, Elizabeth·2006·Addiction

DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01584.x

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Abstract

Aims Two major nomenclatures, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) and International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD‐10), currently define substance use disorders for broad audiences of users with different training, experience and interests. A comparison of these definitions and their implications for DSM‐V and ICD‐11 has not been available. Methods The background for the dependence concept and abuse, harmful use, withdrawal, substance‐induced disorders and remission and other substance‐related conditions is reviewed. Reliability evidence is presented, as is validity evidence from approaches including psychometric, genetic and animal studies. The relevance of the DSM‐IV and ICD‐10 compared to alternative systems (e.g. the Addiction Severity Index) is considered. Results Reliability and psychometric validity evidence for substance dependence is consistently strong, but more mixed for abuse and harmful use. Findings on the genetics of alcohol disorders support the validity of the dependence concept, while animal studies underscore the centrality of continued use despite negative consequences to the concept of dependence. While few studies on substance‐induced disorders have been conducted, those published show good reliability and validity when elements of DSM‐IV and ICD‐10 are combined. Conclusions Dependence in DSM‐V and ICD‐11 should be retained, standardizing both criteria sets and adding a severity measure. The consequences of heavy use should be measured independently of dependence; add cannabis withdrawal if further research supports existing evidence; conduct further studies of the substance‐induced psychiatric categories; standardize their criteria across DSM‐V and ICD‐11; develop a theoretical basis for better remission criteria; consider changing substance ‘abuse’ to substance ‘dysfunction disorder’; and conduct clinician education on the value of the diagnostic criteria.

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miRNA cargo in circulating vesicles from neurons is altered in individuals with schizophrenia and associated with severe disease
Barnett, M. M., Reay, W. R., Geaghan, M. P., Kiltschewskij, D. J., Green, M. J., Weidenhofer, J., Glatt, S. J., & Cairns, M. J. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi4386 · Cited by 52
“…as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria ( 71 ), premorbid IQ (Wechsler test of adult reading) ( 72 ), and current IQ (Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence) ( 73 ).”
Binge Drinking: Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Issues
Rolland, B., & Naassïla, M. (2017) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0413-4 · Cited by 50
“Nevertheless, in both the ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR classifications, alcohol dependence is considered to be more severe than HUA or abuse, and, in treatment strategies for AUDs, the official labelling of medications is restricted to alcohol dependence.”
BackgroundInfluential
A systems genetic analysis of alcohol drinking by mice, rats and men: Influence of brain GABAergic transmission
Saba, L. M., Bennett, B., Hoffman, P. L., Barcomb, K., Ishii, T., Kechris, K. J., & Tabakoff, B. (2010) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.019 · Cited by 49
“…incidence of alcohol dependence (Dawson et al., 2008), but, if nothing else, it immediately becomes obvious that drinking levels are a continuous variable , while alcohol dependence, as it is currently defined (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Hasin et al., 2006), is a categorical diagnosis.”
Substantiated childhood maltreatment and young adulthood cannabis use disorders: A pre-birth cohort study
Abajobir, A. A., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Strathearn, L., Clavarino, A. M., & Kisely, S. R. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.017 · Cited by 48
The prognostic implications of DSM-IV abuse criteria in drinking adolescents
Schuckit, M. A., Danko, G. P., SMITH, T., Bierut, L. J., Bucholz, K. K., Edenberg, H. J., HESSELBROCK, V. M., Kramer, J. R., Nürnberger, J. I., & Trim, R. S. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.020 · Cited by 44
“…and social problems into the criteria for a second axis disorder because of concerns that these items change in a society over time and may have different meanings across cultures (Anthony et al., 2005; Gruenberg, 1967; Hasin et al., 2006; Ridenour et al., 2003; World Health Organization, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluential
The harmful dysfunction model of alcohol use disorder: revised criteria to improve the validity of diagnosis and prevalence estimates
Wakefield, J. C., & Schmitz, M. F. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12859 · Cited by 47
Functioning of Alcohol Use Disorders Criteria Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Implications for DSM-5
Kuerbis, A. N., Hagman, B. T., & Sacco, P. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.762527 · Cited by 45
Naturally Occurring and Related Synthetic Cannabinoids and their Potential Therapeutic Applications
Galal, A. M., Slade, D., Gul, W., El‐Alfy, A. T., Ferreira, D., & ElSohly, M. A. (2009) · Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/157488909788453031 · Cited by 44
Laughing gas abuse is no joke. An overview of the implications for psychiatric practice
Cousaert, C., Heylens, G., & Audenaert, K. (2013) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.04.004 · Cited by 44
Influence of a Drinking Quantity and Frequency Measure on the Prevalence and Demographic Correlates of DSM‐IV Alcohol Dependence
Keyes, K. M., Geier, T. J., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2009) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00894.x · Cited by 42
“…are not distinct entities; instead, evidence supports an underlying continuum of alcohol severity across a variety of samples and populations (Hasin et al., 2006; Kahler and Strong, 2006; Krueger et al., 2004; Martin et al., 2006; Moss et al., 2008; Proudfoot et al., 2006; Saha et al., 2006).”
Self-citation
Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Dang, C., Wang, Q., Li, Q., Xiong, Y., & Lu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1295564 · Cited by 40
Analyses related to the development of DSM-5 criteria for substance use related disorders: 3. An assessment of Pathological Gambling criteria
Denis, C., Fatseas, M., & Auriacombe, M. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.006 · Cited by 40
Correlates of dependence and treatment for substance use among people with comorbid severe mental and substance use disorders
Carrà, G., Crocamo, C., Borrelli, P., Popa, I., Ornaghi, A., Montomoli, C., & Clerici, M. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.021 · Cited by 40
“be reliable and valid [11] but evidence in support of abuse was weaker [12].”
Background
DSM-5: Die Aufhebung der Unterscheidung von Abhängigkeit und Missbrauch und die Öffnung für Verhaltenssüchte
Rumpf, H., Kiefer, F., & Suchttherapie (2011) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911.a000072 · Cited by 38
Greater Prevalence of Proposed ICD-11 Alcohol and Cannabis Dependence Compared to ICD-10, DSM-IV, and DSM-5 in Treated Adolescents
Chung, T. A., Cornelius, J. R., Clark, D. B., & Martin, C. S. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13441 · Cited by 38
“…not address whether the proposed ICD-11 SUD criteria have greater concurrent or predictive validity than other classification systems, although prior research has addressed the reliability and validity of DSM-IV, DSM-5, and ICD-10 SUD diagnoses (Hasin et al., 2006, 2013a,b; Martin et al., 2008).”
Facilitating Screening and Brief Interventions in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of the AUDIT as an Indicator of Alcohol Use Disorders
Lange, S., Shield, K. D., Monteiro, M. G., & Rehm, J. T. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14171 · Cited by 46
“If a study reported sensitivity and specificity for an AUD by using both: (i) the DSMIV and DSM-5, the estimates for the DSM-5 were retained as it is the most recent version; or (ii) the DSM-IV and ICD-10, the estimates for the DSM-IV were retained as it has been shown to have better between measure agreement than the…”
Method
Agreement between DSM-5 and DSM-IV measures of substance use disorders in a sample of adult substance users
Livne, O., Shmulewitz, D., Stohl, M., Mannes, Z. L., Aharonovich, E., & Hasin, D. S. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108958 · Cited by 38
“Following the publication of DSM-IV, the body of knowledge on substance use disorders continued to grow, including substantial evidence indicating psychometric problems created by the hierarchical distinction between the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV abuse and dependence distinction (Hasin et al., 2006), and numerous studies d…”
MethodSelf-citation
Inter-observer reliability of DSM-5 substance use disorders
Denis, C. M., Gelernter, J., Hart, A. B., & Kranzler, H. R. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.019 · Cited by 36
“The DSM-IV substance dependence diagnoses have been shown to be reliable, with substance abuse diagnoses less so (Hasin et al., 1997, 2006; Pierucci-Lagha et al., 2007, 2005).”
MethodResultInfluential
DSM-5 reviewed from different angles: goal attainment, rationality, use of evidence, consequences—part 2: bipolar disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorders, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, personality disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, neurocognitive disorders
Möller, H., Bandelow, B., Bauer, M., Hampel, H. J., Herpertz, S. C., Soyka, M., Barnikol, U. B., Lista, S., Severus, E., & Maier, W. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0521-9 · Cited by 38
Correlates of mild, moderate, and severe Alcohol Use Disorder among adults with problem substance use: Validity implications for DSM‐5
Mannes, Z. L., Shmulewitz, D., Livne, O., Stohl, M., & Hasin, D. S. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14701 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Dimensions of the Parent–Child Relationship: Effects on Substance Use in Adolescence and Adulthood
Mak, H. W., & Iacovou, M. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1536718 · Cited by 37
Psychiatric and Substance Use Comorbidity in Treatment-Seeking Injection Opioid Users Referred From Syringe Exchange
KIDORF, M. S., Solazzo, S. A., Yan, H., & Brooner, R. K. (2018) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2018.1510148 · Cited by 35
“Many studies have reported on methods to conduct more reliable assessment of psychiatric disorders in people actively using drugs (e.g., Brooner et al., 1997; Dakwar et al., 2011; Hasin et al., 2006).”
Method
Test-retest reliability of DSM-5 substance disorder measures as assessed with the PRISM-5, a clinician-administered diagnostic interview
Hasin, D., Shmulewitz, D., Stohl, M., Greenstein, E., Roncone, S., Aharonovich, E., & Wall, M. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108294 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Early psychosis and employment
Drake, R. E., Xie, H., Bond, G. R., McHugo, G. J., & Caton, C. L. M. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.012 · Cited by 33
Prospective 2-Year Study of Emergency Department Patients With Early-Phase Primary Psychosis or Substance-Induced Psychosis
Drake, R., Caton, C., Xie, H.-Y., Hsu, E., Gorroochurn, P., Samet, S., & Hasin, D. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10071051 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
A taxometric study of alcohol abuse and dependence in a general population sample: evidence of dimensional latent structure and implications for DSM‐V
Slade, T. N., Grove, R., & Teesson, M. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02498.x · Cited by 32
The Severity of Dependence Scale detects medication misuse and dependence among hospitalized older patients
Cheng, S., Siddiqui, T. G., Gossop, M., Kristoffersen, E. S., & Lundqvist, C. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1182-3 · Cited by 32
“The strength of the manual derives from its multiaxial approach [7, 11].”
BackgroundMethod
The effects of alcohol on gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas: evidence-based suggestions for clinical management.
Federico, A., Cotticelli, G., Festi, D., Schiumerini, R., Addolorato, G., Ferrulli, A., Merli, M., Lucidi, C., Milani, S., Pañella, C., et al. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 30
Pathological Internet use and psychiatric disorders: A cross-sectional study on psychiatric phenomenology and clinical relevance of Internet dependency
Wildt, B. T. T., Putzig, I., Drews, M., Lampen-Imkamp, S., Zedler, M., Wiese, B., Dillo, W., & Ohlmeier, M. D. (2010) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632010000300002 · Cited by 29
Addiction sciences and its psychometrics: the measurement of alcohol‐related problems
Midanik, L. T., Greenfield, T. K., & Bond, J. C. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01886.x · Cited by 29
“Hasin and colleagues [23], when addressing psychometric validation, cited those factor-analytical and latent class studies; the NHIS data set was noted to be sufficiently robust to overcome the many problems of analyzing binary variables in small data sets and also to overcome problems that occur ‘when the sample is d…”
BackgroundMethod
Childhood maltreatment, personality disorders and 3‐year persistence of adult alcohol and nicotine dependence in a national sample
Elliott, J. C., Stohl, M., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Eaton, N. R., Shmulewitz, D., Goodwin, R. D., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13292 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Cannabis dimensionality: Dependence, abuse and consumption
Beseler, C. L., & Hasin, D. S. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.011 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
COVID-19 Social Restrictions: An Opportunity to Re-visit the Concept of Harm Reduction in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence. A Position Paper
Kouimtsidis, C., Pauly, B., Parkes, T., Stockwell, T. R., & Baldacchino, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623649 · Cited by 28
Alcohol/Drug/Substance “Abuse”: The History and (Hopeful) Demise of a Pernicious Label
White, W. L., & Kelly, J. F. (2011) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2011.587731 · Cited by 27
Why don't they stop? Understanding unplanned marijuana use among adolescents and young adults.
Emery, N. N., Carpenter, R. W., Padovano, H. T., & Miranda, R. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000561 · Cited by 26
“Difficulty regulating substance use is a longstanding criterion for substance use disorders (Hasin et al., 2006).”
Background
Individuals with spinal cord injury have greater odds of substance use disorders than non-sci comparisons
Graupensperger, S. A., Corey, J. J., Turrisi, R., & Evans, M. B. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107608 · Cited by 25
“Criteria for dependence entails at least three of the following criteria co-occurring within a 12-month period: Tolerance, withdrawal, continued use despite problems, impaired control, neglect of activities, and spending a great deal of time in substance-related activity (Hasin et al., 2006).”
Background
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in ICU patients: Clinical features, management, and outcome predictors
Vigouroux, A., Garret, C., Lascarrou, J.-B., Martin, M., Miailhe, A.-F., Lemarie, J., Dupeyrat, J., Zambon, O., Seguin, A., Reignier, J., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261443 · Cited by 25
“Third, although ICD-10 discharge coding combined with DSM-5 criteria has strong reliability for diagnosing AWS, sensitivity may be limited [41].”
Background
Pseudoautosomal abnormalities in terminal AZFb+c deletions are associated with isochromosomes Yp and may lead to abnormal growth and neuropsychiatric function
Andrea Castro, G., Rodríguez, F. A., Flórez, M., López, P. V., Curotto, B., Martínez, D., Maturana, A., Lardone, M. C., Palma, C., Verónica Mericq, G., et al. (2016) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dew333 · Cited by 25
“In addition, symptoms for mood disorders were evaluated through DSM IV, ICD-10 (Hasin et al., 2006), the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) (Hirschfeld et al., 2000) and a 9-item depression scale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) (Kroenke et al., 2001; Patrat et al., 2010).”
Method
Linkage analyses of cannabis dependence, craving, and withdrawal in the San Francisco family study
Ehlers, C. L., Gizer, I. R., Vieten, C., & Wilhelmsen, K. C. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31050 · Cited by 24
“In the case of cannabis dependence, recent data from large national epidemiologic samples have confirmed that cannabis withdrawal is prevalent, correlated with more symptoms of dependence and associated with significant distress and impairment [Hasin et al., 2008; Agrawal et al., 2008c].”
Background
Characteristics of nosologically informative data sets that address key diagnostic issues facing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐V) and International Classification of Diseases, eleventh edition (ICD‐11) substance use disorders workgroups
Cottler, L. B., & Grant, B. F. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01590.x · Cited by 23
The validity of a latent class typology of adolescent drinking patterns
Percy, A., & Iwaniec, D. (2007) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700010089 · Cited by 23

Authors: Hasin, D., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K., & Ogburn, E.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Hasin, Deborah
ORCID: Hasin, Deborah
Hatzenbuehler, Mark L.
Keyes, Katherine
Ogburn, Elizabeth
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-08-08
Volume: 101
Issue: s1
Pages: 59-75
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01584.x
OpenAlex: W2162943353
Cited by: 213
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 10.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K05AA014223)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018652)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Keywords: substance use disorders, DSM-IV, ICD-10, DSM-V, ICD-11, diagnostic criteria, substance dependence, substance abuse, cannabis withdrawal, remission criteria, Addiction Severity Index, diagnostic reliability, psychometric validity
MeSH terms: Alcoholism, Animals, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Psychometrics, Research, Severity of Illness Index, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Reproducibility of Results, Substance-Related Disorders, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Substance use disorders: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) and International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD‐10)

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