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Cited by 292Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesMobile Health and mHealth Applications

Happy Ending: a randomized controlled trial of a digital multi‐media smoking cessation intervention

Brendryen, Håvar, Kraft, Pål·2008·Addiction
DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02119.x
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Abstract

Aims To assess the long‐term efficacy of a fully automated digital multi‐media smoking cessation intervention. Design Two‐arm randomized control trial (RCT). Setting World Wide Web (WWW) study based in Norway. Participants Subjects (n = 396) were recruited via internet advertisements and assigned randomly to conditions. Inclusion criteria were willingness to quit smoking and being aged 18 years or older. Intervention The treatment group received the internet‐ and cell‐phone‐based Happy Ending intervention. The intervention programme lasted 54 weeks and consisted of more than 400 contacts by e‐mail, web‐pages, interactive voice response (IVR) and short message service (SMS) technology. The control group received a self‐help booklet. Additionally, both groups were offered free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Measurements Abstinence was defined as ‘not even a puff of smoke, for the last 7 days’, and assessed by means of internet surveys or telephone interviews. The main outcome was repeated point abstinence at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following cessation. Findings Participants in the treatment group reported clinically and statistically significantly higher repeated point abstinence rates than control participants [22.3% versus 13.1%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–3.26, P = 0.02; intent‐to‐treat). Improved adherence to NRT and a higher level of post‐cessation self‐efficacy were observed in the treatment group compared with the control group. Conclusions As the first RCT documenting the long‐term treatment effects of such an intervention, this study adds to the promise of digital media in supporting behaviour change.

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  • Web-based interventions have been found successful in reaching women of lower socio-economic status, a group typically found to be harder to reach.

    “Web-based interventions have been found successful in reaching women of lower socio-economic status, a group typically found to be harder to reach [28].”

    From Mamma mia: A feasibility study of a web-based intervention to reduce the risk of postpartum depression and enhance subjective well-being (2013) · cites this paper as [28]

  • Most smoking and weight loss mobile interventions provided some form of just-in-time response based on a prior input, but the frequency or intensity of interactivity varied substantially.

    “Most of the smoking and weight loss mobile interventions provided some form of “just-in-time” response based on a prior input, but the frequency or intensity of interactivity varied substantially among these interventions”

    From Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: are our theories up to the task? (2011) · cites this paper as [27]

  • Kraft advocates "tunnelling," or highly tailored pre-determined routes through the intervention, coupled with numerous proactive contacts by the intervention to the user delivered through SMS, email, or automated phone calls.

    “He advocates “tunnelling,” or highly tailored pre-determined routes through the intervention, coupled with numerous proactive contacts by the intervention to the user delivered through short message service (SMS), email, or automated phone calls [98,99].”

    From Web-Based Interventions for Behavior Change and Self-Management: Potential, Pitfalls, and Progress (2012) · cites this paper as [99]

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Authors
Brendryen, H., & Kraft, P.
Affiliations
University of Oslo (NO)
Corresponding author
Brendryen, Håvar
ORCID
Venue
Addiction
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2008-02-05
Volume
103
Issue
3
Pages
478-484
ISSN
  • 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
  • 1360-0443
DOI
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02119.x
OpenAlex
W2130253452
Cited by
292
References
20
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 27
FWCI
16.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Addiction (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Norges Forskningsråd
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Keywords
smoking cessation, digital interventions, multimedia intervention, online intervention, mobile phone intervention, interactive voice response, short message service, nicotine replacement therapy, abstinence, self-efficacy, long-term efficacy, behavior change
MeSH terms
Smoking Prevention, Adult, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Patient Compliance, Smoking Cessation, Treatment Outcome, Multimedia, Self Efficacy, Internet, Cell Phone

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