Just-in-the-Moment Adaptive Interventions (JITAI): A Meta-Analytical Review
Abstract
A just-in-time, adaptive intervention (JITAI) is an emerging type of intervention that provides tailored support at the exact time of need. It does so using enabling new technologies (e.g., mobile phones, sensors) that capture the changing states of individuals. Extracting effect sizes of primary outcomes produced by 33 empirical studies that used JITAIs, we found moderate to large effect sizes of JITAI treatments compared to (1) waitlist-control conditions (k = 9), Hedges's g = 1.65 and (2) non-JITAI treatments (k = 21), g = 0.89. Also, participants of JITAI interventions showed significant changes (k = 13) in the positive direction (g = 0.79). A series of sensitivity tests suggested that those effects persist. Those effects also persist despite differences in the behaviors of interests (e.g., blood glucose control, recovering alcoholics), duration of the treatments, and participants' age. Two aspects of tailoring, namely: (1) tailoring to what (i.e., both people's previous behavioral patterns and their current need states; with these effects additive) and (2) approach to tailoring (i.e., both using a human agent and an algorithm to decide tailored feedback; with these effects additive), are significantly associated with greater JITAI efficacy.
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JITAIs enhance outcomes since they address the changing needs of individuals in their daily lives across the lifespan of an intervention.
“JITAIs enhance outcomes since they address the changing needs of individuals in their daily lives across the lifespan of an intervention (Wang and Miller 2020).”
From Effects of a Personalized Stress Management Intervention on Maternal Mental Health: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2025) · cites this paper as Wang and Miller 2020
JITAIs allow for personalizing amount and types of intervention content to address variability in participant response to behavioral interventions.
“Just-in-time adaptive behavioral interventions (JITAIs) allow for personalizing amount and types of intervention content to address variability in participant response to behavioral interventions.”
From Effects of a Personalized Stress Management Intervention on Maternal Mental Health: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2025) · cites this paper as Wang and Miller 2020
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Větrovský, T., Král, N., Pfeiferová, M., Kühnová, J., Novák, J., Wahlich, C., Jaklova, A., Jurková, K., Janek, M., Omcirk, D., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15513-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Ash, G. I., Gueorguieva, R. V., Barnett, N. P., Wang, W., Robledo, D. S., DeMartini, K. S., Pittman, B. P., Redeker, N. S., O’Malley, S. S., & Fucito, L. M. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14804 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pickering, C. E. Z., Yefimova, M., Wang, D., Maxwell, C. D., & Jablonski, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15173 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Duckworth, C., Cliffe, B., Pickering, B., Ainsworth, B., Blythin, A. M., Kirk, A., Wilkinson, T. M. A., & Boniface, M. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01063-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Detecting Idiographic Personality Change
Beck, E. D., & Jackson, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1984246 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The State of Digital Biomarkers in Mental Health
McGinnis, E. W., Cherian, J., & McGinnis, R. S. (2024) · Digital Biomarkers · doi:10.1159/000542320 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Bögemann, S. A., Riepenhausen, A., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Bar, S., Hermsen, E. J. C., Mituniewicz, J., Reppmann, Z. C., Uściƚko, A., van Leeuwen, J. M. C., Wackerhagen, C., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01249-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Siepe, B. S., Sander, C., Schultze, M., Kliem, A., Ludwig, S., Hegerl, U., & Reich, H. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/50136 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Simpson, A., Beauchamp, M. R., Dimmock, J. A., Willis, C., & Jackson, B. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102918 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dowling, N. A., Merkouris, S., Youssef, G. J., Lubman, D. I., Bagot, K. L., Hawker, C. O., Portogallo, H. J., Thomas, A. C., & Rodda, S. N. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/38958 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
E-Mental Health for People with Personality Disorders: A Systematic Review
Xie, Q., Torous, J. B., & Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01360-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kerr, J. I., Naegelin, M., Benk, M., von Wangenheim, F., Meins, E., Viganò, E., & Ferrario, A. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44131 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
O’Keefe, D. J. (2023) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2023.2214949 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dowling, N. A., Rodda, S. N., & Merkouris, S. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10250-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Aitken, J. A., Dalal, R. S., & Kaplan, S. A. (2023) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281231202740 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ehrmann, D., Hermanns, N., SCHMITT, A. J., Klinker, L. Y., Haak, T., & Kulzer, B. (2024) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06239-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kaplan, D. M., Hughes, C. D., Schatten, H. T., Mehl, M. R., Armey, M. F., & Nugent, N. R. (2022) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000291 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Scholz, C., Schmigalle, P., Plessen, C. Y., Liegl, G., Vajkoczy, P., Praßer, F., Rose, M., & Obbarius, A. (2023) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2221 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gaeveren, K. V., Murphy, S. L., Vicente, D. D. S., & Abeele, M. V. (2024) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502241248494 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tran, T.-A., Péntek, M., Motahari-Nezhad, H., Abonyi, J., Kovács, L., Gulàcsi, L., Eigner, G., Zrubka, Z., & Ruppert, T. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems · doi:10.1109/tsmc.2023.3282141 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Use of geofencing interventions in population health research: a scoping review
Tobin, K. E., Heidari, O., Volpi, C. R., Sodder, S., & Duncan, D. T. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069374 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The future of the eating disorder field: Inclusive, aware of systems, and personalized
Levinson, C. A., Cusack, C. E., Hunt, R. A., Fitterman-Harris, H. F., Ralph‐Nearman, C., & Hooper, S. C. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104648 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cunha, B. C. R., Rodrigues, K. R. D. H., Zaine, I., da Silva, E. A. N., Viel, C. C., & Pimentel, M. D. G. C. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24278 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Visual Analytics for Decision-Making During Pandemics
Reinert, A., Snyder, L. S., Zhao, J. L., Fox, A., Hougen, D. F., Nicholson, C., & Ebert, D. S. (2020) · Computing in Science & Engineering · doi:10.1109/mcse.2020.3023288 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dowling, N. A., Merkouris, S., & Spence, K. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10081709 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hietbrink, E. A. G., Middelweerd, A., van Empelen, P., Preuhs, K., Konijnendijk, A., Nijeweme-d’Hollosy, W. O., Schrijver, L. K., Laverman, G. D., & Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R. (2023) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/40017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Weisz, J. R., Fitzpatrick, O. M., Venturo‐Conerly, K. E., Sternberg, A., Steinberg, J. S., & Ng, M. Y. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13820 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Kaiser, T., Butter, B., Arzt, S., Pannicke, B., Reichenberger, J., Ginzinger, S., & Jens Blechert, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.694233 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Designing digital health interventions with causal inference and multi-armed bandits: a review
Švihrová, R., Rossi, A. D., Marzorati, D., Tzovara, A., & Faraci, F. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1435917 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A complex systems view on physical activity with actionable insights for behaviour change
Schüler, J., Heino, M. T. J., Balagué, N., Chater, A., Grüber, M., Kanning, M. K., Keim, D. A., Mier, D. U., Moreno‐Villanueva, M., Nußbeck, F. W., et al. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02279-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Choi, S. K., Golinkoff, J., Michna, M., Connochie, D. M., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2022) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/33867 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Steinberg, J. S., Fitzpatrick, O. M., Khurana, S., Kim, M. Y., Mair, P., Schleider, J. L., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2384026 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Just-In-Time Adaptive Interventions to Promote Behavioral Health: Protocol for a Systematic Review
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Daily Contributors of Tinnitus Loudness and Distress: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Simoes, J. P., Bulla, J., Neff, P. K. A., Pryss, R. C., Marcrum, S. C., Langguth, B., & Schlee, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.883665 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Just-in-Time: A Caregiver-Mediated Intervention for Toddlers With Autism
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A systematic review on personalization of treatment components in IBIs for mental disorders
Schaeuffele, C., Zagorscak, P., Langerwisch, V., Wilke, J., Medvedeva, Y., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100840 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Lucassen, D. A., Lasschuijt, M. P., Camps, G., Loo, E. J. V., Fischer, A. R. H., de Vries, R. A. J., Haarman, J. A. M., Simons, M., de Vet, E., Vos, M. B.-D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157877 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, L., & Miller, L. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Liyuan
- Venue
- Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-09-05
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1531-1544
- ISSN
- 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7027
- OpenAlex
- W2971759879
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 17.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- just-in-time adaptive interventions, personalized feedback, tailored support, mobile health, wearable sensors, treatment efficacy, effect size, need states, glycemic control, alcohol recovery, waitlist control
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Humans, Cell Phone
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