Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire: a new sleep disorders questionnaire based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders‐2
Open accessAbstract
Summary: The primary objectives of this study were to construct a self‐assessment questionnaire for sleep disorders based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders‐2, and to evaluate the questionnaire’s psychometric properties with respect to its total score and the individual scores for each of the six sleep disorders. In total, 1269 patients, clinically diagnosed with a sleep disorder, and 412 subjects without sleep complaints were enrolled into this study. Principal components analysis confirmed that the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire differentially represented the six symptom clusters associated with International Classification of Sleep Disorders‐2 classifications. The Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire’s total score distinguished patients with a clinically diagnosed sleep disorder from individuals without sleep complaints, with area under the receiver operating curve P(A) of 0.95. The internal reliability coefficient alpha was 0.90 and, applying the Youden criterion as cutoff score, the overall accuracy was 88% (κ: 0.75). Subsequently, the six diagnostic groups of sleep‐disordered patients could be differentiated reliably, with P(A) values ranging between 0.69 and 0.95, alpha coefficients ranging between 0.73 and 0.81 and an overall percentage of 85% correctly classified patients (κ = 0.80), indicating a substantial to excellent agreement between the primary diagnoses and the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire classifications.
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Seven sleep-relevant measurements were used in 6 sleep-related studies.
“For example, 7 sleep-relevant measurements were used in 6 sleep-related studies [51-56]”
From Understanding Mobile Health and Youth Mental Health: Scoping Review (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Inclusion criteria were: (i) age 12–19 years; (ii) insomnia complaints according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria for primary insomnia [18] as indicated by scores above cut-off on the insomnia scale of the Holland Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (HSDQ) [19] and con-firmed by information from the intake interview; (iii) no suicid…”
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InfluentialPrecision Medicine in Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders: Current State and Future Perspectives
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“The Kerkhof et al. (2012) scale is based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Second Edition (ICSD-2), which focuses on six main sleep disorders [33].”
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“Digital < 3.68, respectively; Kerkhof et al., 2013).”
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“…2018) have been validated for adolescents, while the Flinders Fatigue Scale (Gradisar et al., 2007), Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ; Kerkhof et al., 2013), Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (Nicassio et al., 1985), Sleep Condition Indicator (Espie et al., 2014) and Sleep Related Behaviours…”
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BackgroundSleep Disorder During the Third Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic among Malaysian AdultsPreprint
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“HSDQ is based on the International classi cation of sleep disorders [31] and is utilized in several previous studies [32], [33].”
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“The HSDQ is a 32-item instrument that is composed of ICSD-2-based (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005) clusters of sleep complaints/symptom descriptions that are specific to six main sleep disorders (Kerkhof et al., 2013).”
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“rhythm sleep disorders, insomnia and hypersomnia with the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ) [44] at baseline, 6, and 12 months.”
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“The mean HSDQ score was 78.8 (range 32–146).”
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“One hundred and thirty participants were excluded from the group, as they had a clinical score of insomnia (cut-off: 3.61) or Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (CRSD; cut-off: 3.41) (Holland Sleep Disorder Questionnaire; HSDQ; Kerkhof et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmithies, T. D., Toth, A. J., & Campbell, M. J. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s470105 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Association between Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Sleep Quality of Patients with Depression
Przydacz, M., Skalski, M., Sobański, J. A., Chłosta, M., Raczynski, K., Klasa, K., Dudek, D., & Chłosta, P. L. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57040394 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Scale Development Study: Psychometric Properties of the Cumhuriyet Subjective Sleep Quality Scale
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“Using the scale, a physician can evaluate which one of these sleep disorders has inflicted the patient [10, 20].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRandomized Controlled Trial of Parent and Child Mindfulness Training (MYmind) versus Medication
Zoller, B. K., Bögels, S. M., Meppelink, R., & de Bruin, E. I. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03139-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In addition, the 8 items Insomnia subscale of the Holland Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (HSDQ; Kerkhof et al., 2013) was used.”
Lah, S. S., & Cao, T. V. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1261142 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zakiei, A., Khazaie, H., Alimoradi, M., Ferreira, R. E. R., Moradi, M., & Komasi, S. (2025) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.70008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zwennes, C. T. C., & Loth, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000291 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In Holland, nurses should employ a qualitative approach to assessing participants with ADHD and sleeping disorders, using tools such as the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (Kerkhof et al., 2013).”
MethodEvaluation of Sleep Quality and Fatigue in Patients with Usher Syndrome Type 2a
Hendricks, J. M., Metz, J., Velde, H., Weeda, J., Hartgers, F., Yzer, S., Hoyng, C., Pennings, R., Collin, R. W., Boss, M., et al. (2023) · Ophthalmology Science · doi:10.1016/j.xops.2023.100323 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Binsch, O., Wilschut, E. S., Arns, M., Bottenheft, C., Valk, P. J. L., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2017) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-017-9384-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A total of 62 participants, all military working at the Dutch Ministry of Defense, were invited for a screening consisting of the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ; Kerkhof et al. 2013).”
MethodGeng, C., & Chen, C. (2024) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-024-03100-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Neurologists diagnosed narcolepsy and OSA according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (ICSD-3) [ 21 ].”
Boertien, T. M., Someren, E. J. W. V., Coumou, A. D., van den Broek, A. K., Klunder, J. H., Wong, W.-Y., van der Hoeven, A. E., Drent, M. L., Romijn, J. A., Fliers, E., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-22-0527 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Assessing and Promoting Sleep Health: A Brief Guide for Nurses
Cha, Y. S., & Dickerson, S. S. (2025) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/ajn.0000000000000102 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Revisions to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Sleep Questions
Jungquist, C. R., Klingman, K. J., & Dickerson, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.6336 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuys, A., Wadsley, C. G., Sullivan, R., Cirillo, J., & Byblow, W. D. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae275 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Exclusion criteria were existing sleep problems, as indicated by a score >6 on the PSQI ([36]; cf. [41]) or a score >2.02 on the HSDQ [37], any self-disclosed health condition that precluded safe use of experimental procedures (e.g. epilepsy, pregnancy), and any self-reported, currently existing…”
InfluentialKwon, M., Zhu, J., Wilding, G. E., Larkin, K., Gehrman, P., & Dickerson, S. S. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae096 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Strongman, H., Warren‐Gash, C., Belot, A., Nolte, E., Mistry, H., Miller, M. A., Smith, I., Quinnell, T. G., Eriksson, S. H., & Bhaskaran, K. (2023) · Abstracts · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2023-bssconf.59 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dietz-Terjung, S., Eggert, T., Judickiene, J., Hofherr, G., & Schöbel, C. (2024) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-024-00443-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mijnster, T., Wardenaar, K. J., Boersma, G. J., van Veen, M., Cath, D. C., KERKHOF, G. A., & Lancel, M. (2024) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.70004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Like Kerkhof et al. (2013), we allowed item 10 and item 13 to load on both insomnia and CRSD in our CFA analyses.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationvan der Ham, M., Bijlenga, D., Molenaar, N. M., Starreveld, D. E. J., Böhmer, M. N., Wettstein, R., Dumont, G., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251379103 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The mean total score indicates general sleep problems (Kerkhof et al., 2013).”
Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire on the screening of sleep disorders
Batkhuyag, E., Tumurbaatar, E., Lkhagvasuren, B., Perenleisambuu, E.-U., Bat-Erdene, E., Dashtseren, M., Duurenjargal, O., Zeng, X., & Tumur-Ochir, G. (2021) · Neuroscience Research Notes · doi:10.31117/neuroscirn.v4i3suppl.90 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The internal reliability coefficient alpha of the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ) was 0.90 (Kerkhof et al., 2013).”
MethodInfluentialPosttraumatische stressstoornis
van Schagen, A. M., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2524-5_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diagnostiek van slaapstoornissen
Thomasson, I., & van den Bossche, R. A. S. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2524-5_3
Groot, M. M., & de Bruin, E. J. (2020) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000317
“Insomnia symptoms were assessed with the insomnia subscale from the Holland Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (HSDQi; Kerkhof, Geuke, Brouwer, Rijsman, Schimsheimer, & Van Kasteel, 2013) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI; Bastien, Vallières, & Morin, 2001).”
Circadiane slaap-waakritmestoornissen
Gordijn, M. C. M., & Lancel, M. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2524-5_7
Aandachtsdeficiëntie-/hyperactiviteitsstoornis (ADHD)
Bijlenga, D., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2524-5_14
Rating scales to assess sleep disorders
Tighe, C. A., & Buysse, D. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00091-8
Sleep Risk Assessment and Clinical Management of Chronic Pain
Saravanan, A. (2021) · Topics in Pain Management · doi:10.1097/01.tpm.0000803080.18745.75
Phenylketonuria in a microbial world
van der Goot, E. (2023) · doi:10.33612/diss.678170132
Diagnostiek van slaapproblemen
Ensing, I. M. (2023) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2950-2_3
P49 Assessing sleep quality and thermal comfort in real bedrooms: towards a standardised methodology
Bhadra, J., Beizaee, A., Hartescu, I., & Lomas, K. J. (2023) · Abstracts · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2023-bssconf.58
Sleep Characteristics of an International Sample of Adult Gamers
Lee, K. J., Morrell, H. E. R., Lee, H. J., & Dyk, T. R. V. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1776751
The Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Vera, P. D. (2024) · MacEwan University Student eJournal · doi:10.31542/zpsq9043
ter Heege, F. M., Mijnster, T., van Veen, M., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., de Jong, P. J., Boersma, G. J., & Lancel, M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12560705
Veldman, M. H. J., van der Aa, H. P. A., Bode, C., Knoop, H., Hulshof, C. T. J., Koopmanschap, M., Stavleu, E., van Rens, G. H. M. B., & van Nispen, R. M. A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17701475
Draper, B. J., Briggs, P., Purcell, S., Dijk, D., Bauermeister, S., & Bartsch, U. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.18.26344317
de Lang, T. A., de Jong, P. J., Lancel, M., Lancee, J., & Eisma, M. C. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0341802
“The Holland Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (HSDQ; [34]) is a validated, Dutch, self-assessment questionnaire to screen for sleep disorders, such as insomnia disorder, sleep-related breathing disorders, and sleep-related movement disorders.”
Toppenberg, A. G. L., van der Maten, J., Bos, M., Schuiling, W. J., Lodder, W. L., & Schwandt, L. Q. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2026.101619
“These include completing questionnaires like the Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (HSDQ) [25], ESS [23] and undergoing a PG. Depending on the results of the PG, patients may be referred to the neurologist, to the pulmonologist or ENT surgeon.”
Goodwin, P. J., Pilkington‐Cheney, F., Taylor, Y., & Groeger, J. A. (2026) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2026.108630
Yao, Y., Lu, J., Li, H., Li, J., & Chen, J. (2026) · Noise and Health · doi:10.4103/nah.nah_43_26
- Authors
- KERKHOF, G. A., GEUKE, M. E. H., BROUWER, A., RIJSMAN, R. M., SCHIMSHEIMER, R. J., & VAN KASTEEL, V.
- Affiliations
- Medisch Centrum Haaglanden (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- KERKHOF, GERARD A.
- ORCID
- GEUKE, MONIQUE E. H.
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-08-27
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 104-107
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- OpenAlex
- W2143715521
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, self-assessment questionnaire, psychometric properties, diagnostic classification, symptom clusters, sleep disorder diagnosis, questionnaire validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sleep Wake Disorders, Reproducibility of Results, Principal Component Analysis
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