Comparative efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Abstract
The comparative efficacy of various approaches of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi) is still unclear. This network meta-analysis explored the comparative efficacy of digital CBTi approaches in adults with insomnia. Four electronic databases were searched from inception to June 27, 2020. Primary outcomes were self-reported total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE), and insomnia symptoms; these were measured using sleep diaries or valid questionnaires. A random-effects network meta-analysis in a frequentist framework was used. Fifty-four randomized controlled trials comprising 11,815 participants were included. Compared with usual care, web-based CBTi with a therapist demonstrated significantly longer TST (mean difference [MD]: 23.19 min, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.98-27.39 min), shorter SOL (MD: -18.76 min, 95% CI -24.20 to -13.31 min), lower WASO (MD: -31.40 min, 95% CI: -36.26 to -26.55 min), and greater SE (MD: 10.37%, 95% CI: 8.08%-12.65%). The surface under the cumulative ranking curve indicates that web-based CBTi with therapists is most likely to be ranked the highest among all treatments, and thus, this network meta-analysis suggests that such a treatment is the optimal intervention for improving sleep duration and SE as well as the reductions in SOL and WASO. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020171134.
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A recent meta-analysis suggested clinician support is preferred when CBT-I is administered digitally.
“A recent meta-analysis suggested clinician support is preferred when CBT-I is administered digitally. 42”
From Digital Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Cancer Survivors: Protocol for a Pragmatic Clinical Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
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“These findings contrast a recently published network meta-analysis where guided iCBT-I achieved a higher ranking than unguided iCBT-I for subjective sleep-related outcome data 103 .”
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Self-citationCognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia disorder: Extending the stepped care model
Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Altena, E., Gavriloff, D., Jernelöv, S., Holzinger, B., Schlarb, A. A., & Riemann, D. W. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14016 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hwang, J., Lee, G. E., Woo, J. H., Kim, S. M., & Kwon, J. Y. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01514-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Ren, R., Yang, L., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., Shi, J., Sanford, L. D., Lü, L., Vitiello, M. V., & Tang, X. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101687 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Espie, C. A., & Henry, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14025 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Contemporary meta-analyses summarise the available literature (Hasan et al., 2022; Seyffert et al., 2016; Soh et al., 2020; Zachariae et al., 2016) and show that the benefits of dCBT for insomnia are close to those observed with in-person CBT for insomnia.”
MethodTakano, Y., Ibata, R., Machida, N., Ubara, A., & Okajima, I. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101839 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Shin, J., Kim, S., Lee, J., Gu, H., Ahn, J., Park, C., Seo, M. C., Jeon, J. E., Lee, H. Y., Yeom, J. W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/50555 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Although there have been numerous studies regarding the effectiveness of web-based CBTi [13], the efficacy of MCBTi for improving insomnia and mental health remains unknown [12].”
Self-citationForma, F. M., Pratiwadi, R., Moustaid, F. E., Smith, N., Thorndike, F. P., & Velez, F. F. (2022) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2022.2108616 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ell, J., Brückner, H. A., Johann, A. F., Steinmetz, L., Güth, L. J., Feige, B., Järnefelt, H., Vallières, A., Frase, L., Domschke, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14193 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The relationships between insomnia, nightmares, and dreams: A systematic review
Delage, J. P., Côté, J., Journault, W.-G., Lemyre, A., & Bastien, C. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101931 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lu, Y.-A., Lin, H., & Tsai, P. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/69657 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In addition, these reviews exclusively relied on subjective sleep outcome measures, not including objective data in their analyses [28,29].”
InfluentialEfficacy of lifestyle medicine on sleep quality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Wong, V. W.-H., Ho, F. Y., Wong, Y. S.-H., Chung, K., Yeung, W., Ng, C. H., & Sarris, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.111 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bai, N., Cao, J., Zhang, H., Liu, X., & Yin, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.13024 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mancinelli, E., Bassi, G., Gabrielli, S., & Salcuni, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159549 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“On a similar note, the efficacy of digital CBTs in improving insomnia symptoms was reported for adults at large [43], yet there are no available reviews or meta-analyses focused on perinatal sleep issues.”
BackgroundChan, W. S., Cheng, W. Y., Lok, S. H. C., Cheah, A. K. M., Lee, A. K. W., Ng, A. S. Y., & Kowatsch, T. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/51716 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Of the different types of dCBTi, dCBTi with therapist support is found to have the highest efficacy compared to other types of dCBTi without therapist support [28].”
Voice-Activated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Starling, C. M., Greenberg, D., Lewin, D. S., Shaw, C., Zhou, E. S., Lieberman, D. Z., Chou, J., & Arem, H. E. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35011 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ruan, J., Chen, S., Liang, J., Mak, Y. W., Yee Ho, F. Y., Chung, K. F., Kwun Tong, A. K., Zhang, X. L., & Yeung, W. F. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.09.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hertenstein, E., Trinca, E., Schneider, C. L., Fehér, K. D., Johann, A. F., & Nissen, C. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000535834 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Verlinden, J. J., Moloney, M., Vsevolozhskaya, O. A., Ritterband, L. M., Winkel, F., & Weafer, J. J. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15209 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Emerging applications of objective sleep assessments towards the improved management of insomnia
Scott, H., Lechat, B., Manners, J., Lovato, N., Vakulin, A., CATCHESIDE, P. G., Eckert, D. J., & Reynolds, A. C. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.10.030 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nuo, M., Zheng, S., Wen, Q., Fang, H., Wang, T., Liang, J., Han, H., & Lei, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/42856 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“For example, Hasan et al [10] collected data from 54 randomized controlled trials, including 11,815 participants.”
Plants Alkaloids Based Compound as Therapeutic Potential for Neurodegenerative
Patel, R. K., Gangwar, D., Gupta, H., Sharma, N., & Kumar, R. (2023) · Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · doi:10.55544/jrasb.2.2.3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“hypoglycemic, and anticancer activities [127,128,129].”
Coteur, K., Henrard, G., Schoenmakers, B., Laenen, A., den Broeck, K. V., Sutter, A. D., Anthierens, S., Devroey, D., Kacenelenbogen, N., Offermans, A.-M., et al. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac278 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Morin, C. M., Chen, S., Lemieux, K., Ivers, H., Cheung, J. M. Y., Lamy, M., & Ritterband, L. M. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106551 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Future of Insomnia Research—There's Still Work to Be Done
Dressle, R. J., Spiegelhalder, K., Schiel, J. E., Benz, F., Johann, A. F., Feige, B., Jernelöv, S., Perlis, M. L., & Riemann, D. W. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70091 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Besides that, there is increasing evidence to support the efficacy of digitally delivered CBT-I (Hasan et al. 2022; Simon et al. 2023).”
Stenberg, J., Ritola, V., Joffe, G., Saarni, S. E., & Rosenström, T. H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10186 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Puterflam, J., Comis, J., Lan, Q., Liu, C., Lipschitz, A. J., Grunstein, R., Ferreira, P., & Gordon, C. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101672 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Yang, Y., Hao, X., Qin, Y., & Li, K. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.036 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cleary, M. A., Richardson, C. E., Ross, R. J., Heussler, H., Wilson, A. C., Downs, J. A., & Walsh, J. H. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14466 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“While the efficacy of digital sleep interventions, such as digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I), in adult populations is well established (Hasan et al., 2022”
Tolson, J., Bartlett, D. J., Barnes, M., Rochford, P. D., Jordan, A. S., & Jackson, M. L. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.024 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Knutzen, S. M., Christensen, D. S., Cairns, P., Damholdt, M. F., Amidi, A., & Zachariae, R. H. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/58217 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“However, the results of recent systematic reviews and network meta-analyses comparing various delivery formats of CBTI suggest that in-person–delivered CBTI (ipCBTI) is generally superior to eCBTI, more so for insomnia severity than for sleep diary outcomes [40,41].”
ResultLinardon, J., Anderson, C., McClure, Z., Liu, C., & Messer, M. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.08.025 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Edmonds, M., Peynenburg, V. A., Kaldo, V., Jernelöv, S., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100729 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Thorndike, F. P., Morin, C. M., Ojile, J. M., Edington, S., Gerwien, R. W., Ong, J. C., Wickwire, E. M., Ritterband, L. M., & Riney, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1450615 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Treatment effect heterogeneity of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia – A meta-analysis
Steinmetz, L., Simon, L., Baumeister, H., Spiegelhalder, K., & Terhorst, Y. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101966 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Takano, Y., Ibata, R., Machida, N., & Okajima, I. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.07.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Novel psychotherapies for insomnia
Angelillo, M., Lancee, J., & Hertenstein, E. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14470 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The possibilities and efficacy of dCBT-I have been discussed in several excellent papers (Espie et al., 2019; Hasan et al., 2022), therefore in this article we only briefly mention the important challenges related to optimizing CBT-I.”
Over-the-counter products for insomnia in adults: A scoping review of randomised controlled trials
Salame, A., Mathew, S., Bhanu, C., Bazo‐Alvarez, J. C., Bhamra, S. K., Heinrich, M., Walters, K. R., & Frost, R. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.02.027 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kulke, J. K., Fuhrmann, L. M., Berking, M., Ebert, D. D., Baumeister, H., Derfiora, A., Veldhouse, A., & Weisel, K. K. (2025) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/j.landig.2025.100923 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Meneo, D., Baldi, E., Cerolini, S., Curati, S., Bastianini, S., Berteotti, C., Simonazzi, G., Manconi, M., Zoccoli, G., Bartolo, P. D., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01827-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Moreover, when possible guided dCBT-I is preferable, as evidence suggest its superior efficacy to unguided dCBT-I [76, 77].”
BackgroundChristensen, K. A., van Dyk, I. S., & Klaver, E. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2145897 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“36,37 Furthermore, emerging research suggests that treating insomnia may prospectively reduce internalizing symptoms and prevent recurrence of these disorders, 38,39 making this a highly potent clinical target.”
Hasan, F., Tu, Y., Lin, C., Yuliana, L. T., Romadlon, D. S., & Chiu, H. (2023) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/spcare-2023-004363 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationBenz, F., Grolig, L., Hannibal, S., Buntrock, C., Cuijpers, P. J., Domschke, K., Ebert, D. D., Ell, J., Janneck, M., Jenkner, C., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08214-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“However, therapist-guided iCBT-I seems to be more accepted by patients [29] and likely more effective [29, 30].”
BackgroundMethodDigital therapeutics for insomnia: an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis
Li, C., Luo, Q., & Wu, H. Y. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01946-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Leitlinie „Insomnie bei Erwachsenen“ – Update 2025 (AWMF-Registernummer 063-003)
Spiegelhalder, K., Baum, E., Becker, M., Cornaro, C., Crönlein, T., Frase, L., Harth, V., Hertenstein, E., Johann, A. F., Mertel, I., et al. (2025) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-025-00530-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Spiegelhalder, K., Baglioni, C., Morin, C. M., Nissen, C., Palagini, L., Perlis, M. L., Scott, H., & Riemann, D. W. (2026) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-026-00693-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Paradoxic Intention as an Adjunct Treatment to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Sandlund, C., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.10.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Telephone-Guided Sleep Restriction for Insomnia: A Randomized Sleep Diary-Controlled Trial
Looman, M. I., Blanken, T. F., Schoenmakers, T. M., Reesen, J. E., Effting, M., Linnebank, F. E., van Straten, A., Kamphuis, J. H., & Lancee, J. (2025) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000545138 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ramfjord, L. S., Faaland, P. M., Scott, J. L., Saksvik, S. B., Lydersen, S., Vedaa, Ø., Kahn, N., Langsrud, K., Stiles, T. C., Ritterband, L. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13888 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Coteur, K., Nuland, M. V., Schoenmakers, B., Anthierens, S., & den Broeck, K. V. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/43738 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Simon, L., Steinmetz, L., Bendig, E., Küchler, A., Riemann, D. W., Ebert, D. D., Spiegelhalder, K., & Baumeister, H. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100598 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Given the strong evidence supporting internet-delivered CBT-I (iCBT-I) (Hasan et al. 2022; Simon et al. 2023; van Straten et al. 2018), the recent update to the European Insomnia Guidelines (Riemann et al. 2023) has included iCBT-I as an A-level recommended treatment.”
Takano, Y., Okajima, I., Osao, M., Ibata, R., Machida, N., Higami, K., Takagi, S., & Inoue, Y. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102204 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Elder, G. J., Santhi, N., Robson, A. R., Alfonso‐Miller, P., Spiegelhalder, K., & Ellis, J. G. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae059 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…can be delivered digitally and can be done using automated methods, addressing the issue of provision, digital CBT-I typically involves multiple structured treatment sessions, which are delivered over a period of several weeks [43, 44] and require the appropriate time commitment from patients.”
Yang, C., Lu, Y., Lee, H., Li, S. X., Suh, S. A., Okajima, I., & Huang, Y.-C. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.04.012 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationStern, É., Brune, S., Mouchabac, S., Dubroc, A., de la Personne, C., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/70193 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pigeon, W. R., Bishop, T. M., Bossarte, R. M., Schueller, S. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107306 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Xiong, Z., Lü, Y., He, L., Zhang, R., Zhou, X., Li, P., Liu, Y., Zhu, J.-G., Yan, S., & Liu, B. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-024-3661-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., & Sunnhed, R. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14363 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“As meta-analytic findings have shown superior outcomes for therapeutic guidance compared to non-human guidance, on both symptom severity and adherence (Baumeister et al., 2014; Hasan et al., 2021), the role of therapist support in app-based CBT-I is an interesting, yet unaddressed gap in research.”
Treacy, T., O'Meara, Y., Galligan, M. C., Henry, A. L., Lensen, S. F., Higgins, M. J., Hickey, M., & Brennan, D. J. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107337 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Clara, M. I., Van Straten, A., Canavarro, M. C., & Allen Gomes, A. (2024) · Acta Medica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.21094 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Prather, A. A., Krystal, A. D., Emsley, R., Carl, J. R., Ball, T. M., Tarnai, K., Aguilera, A., Espie, C. A., & Henry, A. L. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/84323 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Substantial evidence supports the effectiveness of digital CBT for insomnia (digital CBT-I), demonstrating robust effects on insomnia and sleep outcomes compared with a range of controls [26-29].”
Xin, Q., Paudel, D., An, K., Ye, Y., Zheng, S., Chen, L., Zhang, B., & Yin, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.940741 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kakazu, V. A., Assis, M., Bacelar, A., Bezerra, A. G., Ciutti, G. L. R., Conway, S. G., Galduróz, J. C. F., Drager, L. F., Khoury, M. P., Leite, I. P. A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1600767 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nuo, M., Fang, H., Wang, T., Liang, J., He, Y., Han, H., & Lei, J. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231165967 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“All apps correlated significantly with the PSG and were highly similar to PSG.22 Moreover, Hasana et al.23 conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 54 randomized controlled trials including 11,815 participants.”
BackgroundCheung, J. M. Y., Schrire, Z. M., Aji, M., Rahimi, M. M., Salomon, H., Doggett, I., Glozier, N., Bartlett, D. J., WONG, K. K. H., Grunstein, R. R., et al. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231180970 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xu, D., Li, Z., Leitner, U., & Sun, J. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10458-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Recent meta-analysis studies (Gao et al., 2022; Hasan et al., 2022; Simon et al., 2023) have mentioned that remote CBT-I has significant effects on improving sleep in insomnia patients.”
Who is the “Therapist” in Digital Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (dCBTi)?
Stanley, N., Heslop-Marshall, K., & Gardiner, A. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s516276 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“One dCBTi product 8 has used what Hasan et al 7 term a “virtual therapist” to present CBTi instruction.”
Kater, M., Wegener, N., Morath, N., & Vorster, A. P. A. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70195 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Papatheodosiou, P., Panagoulias, D. P., Virvou, M. K., Tsihrintzis, G. A., Bonakis, A., & Dikeos, D. (2024) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2024.09.723 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tarnai, K., Miller, C. B., Magill, N., Emsley, R., Robinson, W., Kyle, S. D., McGrath, E. R., Espie, C. A., & Henry, A. L. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2480124 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Christensen, K. A., Bottera, A. R., Forbush, K. T., Isquith, J., & Young, K. P. D. (2025) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24540 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, M., Yi, R., Han, Z., Wang, R., Chen, M., Yao, P., Zhang, B., Lin, W., & Lv, D. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.108727 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Julie, L., Mengarduque, M., Coelho, J., Geoffroy, P. A., Denechere, E., Aouizerate, B., Jaafari, N., Philip, P., Taillard, J., Dubois, O., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15062176 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A network meta-analysis by [22] showed that web-based dCBT-I incorporating automated therapeutic feedback achieved outcomes comparable to therapist-guided web-based dCBT-I, whereas fully automated interventions without guidance were associated with lower effectiveness.”
Ren, R., Zhang, Y., Shi, Y., Zhang, H., Vitiello, M. V., & Tang, X. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.03.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Does vestibular stimulation modify circadian rhythms and sleep? A systematic review
Galin, M., Milot, E., Martin, T., Bessot, N., Giffard, B., Denise, P., Perrier, J., & Quarck, G. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106520 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Moukhtarian, T., Patel, K., Toro, C., Russel, S., Daly, G., Walasek, L., Tang, N. K. Y., & Meyer, C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058062 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chronische Insomnie - alte, neue und zukünftige Therapieoptionen
Heidbreder, A. (2023) · InFo Neurologie + Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15005-023-3275-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Die Fläche unter der kumulativen Rangkurve deutet außerdem darauf hin, dass webbasierte KVT-I wahrscheinlich den höchsten Rang unter allen Behandlungen einnahm [31, 32, 33].”
BackgroundFactors facilitating and hindering the implementation of digital sleep coaching for bus drivers
Järnefelt, H., Anttilainen, J., Karhula, K., Hublin, C., Pehkonen, I., & Sallinen, M. (2024) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104356 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jeon, H., Kang, E., & Yoo, S. (2023) · Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.24304/kjcp.2023.33.4.221 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Park, K., Lee, S., Lee, Y., Moon, D. U., & Lee, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70722 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Second, the sample size of the study was relatively small compared with previous clinical trials for digital CBT-I [67].”
Leite, I. P. A., Kakazu, V. A., de Carvalho, L. A. T., Tufik, S., & Pires, G. N. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7040069 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“DCBT-I has already been recognized as a valid and recommended treatment for insomnia by recent guidelines [2,3,5], and its efficacy has been consistently demonstrated in a substantial number of studies [9,10].”
Thomson, N., Gilarova, M., Lawrence, J., Cullen, B., & Gardani, M. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102279 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Boinon, D., Pagès, A., Zanni, L., Journiac, J., Charles, C., Borinelli-Franzoi, M. A., Vaz-Luís, I., Fasse, L., Hernot, D., Monod, A., et al. (2026) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.71871 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These benefits included increased total sleep time, reduced sleep onset latency, decreased wake time after sleep onset, and improved sleep efficiency [35].”
Roberts, K. E., Beckenkamp, P. R., Comachio, J., Castrillón, C. I. M., Cabral, A. M., Ho, E. K., Comis, J., Jensen, C., Gordon, C., & Ferreira, P. H. (2025) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582251340548 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sweetman, A., Reynolds, C. M., Spiegelhalder, K., Rajagopalan, P., & Richardson, C. E. (2025) · Current Pulmonology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13665-025-00387-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In a 2022 network meta-analysis, Hasan and colleagues [ 40 ] found that digital CBTi with a virtual/real therapist resulted in optimal treatment efficacy across sleep/ insomnia outcomes, when compared to treatment as usual.”
Wang, Y., Shao, J., Yu, P., Li, Y., Huo, X., Li, Q., Li, S., Wang, Q., & Qie, X. (2025) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-025-03387-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hasan, F., Prasetya, E. C., Gordon, C. J., Romadlon, D. S., Chang, K.-M., Bartlett, D. J., Lin, C., Gautama, M. S. N., Izzati, N., & Chiu, H. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11856 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“14 The other challenge (ie, prolonged treatment durations) cannot be overcome by employing digital CBT-I modalities.”
Self-citationA Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations on Interventions Targeting Insomnia or Hypersomnia
Le, P. H., Le, L. K., Le, D. Q., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2025) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-025-00997-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, digital CBT-I can improve consumer accessibility, given the limited availability of healthcare professionals who can deliver CBT-I [33, 62, 63].”
Bibliometric and visual analysis of cancer-related insomnia research from 2015 to 2025
Chen, L., Wang, R., Xu, F. G., Zhao, J., Wang, F., & Zhou, D. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09909-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sleep health in the primary care setting
Vargas, I., Walker, J. L., Egeler, M. E., Vance, A., Boyle, J. T., & Muench, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00056-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Corkum, P. V., Bertrand, M., Ilie, A., & Rajda, M. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Healy, W. J., Kundel, V., Taub, P. R., Cho, Y., Healy, S. J., & Kwon, Y. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae094 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Telehealth has emerged as an option for patients after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to in-part bridge this gap and has been demonstrated to be effective in improving sleep duration and sleep efficiency [38].”
Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment: A Specialization in Lifestyle Medicine Centers
Brož, J., Malinovská, J., & Urbanová, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82888-1_27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“In a systematic review and meta-analysis, digital CBT-I significantly reduced insomnia severity, sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE) for both clinical (patients) and industrial (non-patients) settings [18, 19].”
Disentangling what works best for whom in comorbidity
Glozier, N., & Vidafar, P. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac253 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Network meta-analyses could help determine the most effective and/or efficient treatment, but those of digital CBT-I (and other digital interventions) tend to compare “approaches” rather than programs on the, likely false, assumption that all programs are equal, and the differences assessed being, for example, compone…”
BackgroundCognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia works. It's time to make it accessible
Cunnington, D. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101586
Protocols for Sleep Medicine Services During COVID-19 and Pandemics
Pirzada, R., & BaHammam, A. S. (2023) · Progress in Sleep Research · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0240-8_20
- Authors
- Hasan, F., Tu, Y.-K., Yang, C.-M., James Gordon, C., Wu, D., Lee, H.-C., Yuliana, L. T., Herawati, L., Chen, T.-J., & Chiu, H.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Taipei Medical University (TW)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- National Chengchi University (TW)
- Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital (TW)
- Taipei Medical University Hospital (TW)
- Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (ID)
- Corresponding author
- Chiu, Hsiao-Yean
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 101567
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3214315566
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (110-2628-B-038-017)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, insomnia, online therapy, total sleep time, sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, treatment efficacy comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Sleep, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Polysomnography, Self Report
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