On the identification of substructure in phase space using orbital frequencies
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We study the evolution of satellite debris to establish the most suitable space to identify past merger events. We confirm that the space of orbital frequencies is very promising in this respect. In frequency space individual streams can be easily identified, and their separation provides a direct measurement of the time of accretion. We are able to show for a few idealized gravitational potentials that these features are preserved also in systems that have evolved strongly in time. Furthermore, this time evolution is imprinted in the distribution of streams in frequency space. We have also tested the power of the orbital frequencies in a fully self-consistent (live) N-body simulation of the merger between a disc galaxy and a massive satellite. Even in this case, streams can be easily identified and the time of accretion of the satellite can be accurately estimated.
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The time of accretion t could be inferred by applying a Fourier analysis to the frequency-space pattern, provided enough stars are found in each stream.
“since the stars plotted in this figure all have roughly the same location but differ in phase by ∼ 2π n (with n an integer), this implies that t could be inferred by applying a Fourier analysis, provided enough stars are found in each stream (Gómez & Helmi 2010).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Gómez & Helmi 2010
Individual streams or portions of streams are particularly apparent in frequency space because each stream has its own characteristic frequency defining its phase along the orbit.
“Individual streams or portions of streams are particularly apparent in frequency space, as can be seen in Figure 4a.This is because the individual streams each have their own characteristic frequency (which defines their phase along the orbit; see McMillan & Binney 2008, Gómez & Helmi 2010).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Gómez & Helmi 2010
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Preibisch, T., Schüller, F., Ohlendorf, H., Pekruhl, S., Menten, K. M., & Zinnecker, H. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015425 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Schlaufman, K. C., Rockosi, C. M., Lee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., & Prieto, C. A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/734/1/49 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A deep wide-field sub-mm survey of the Carina Nebula complex
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Probing the shape and history of the Milky Way halo with orbital spectral analysis
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Linking the brightest stellar streams with the accretion history of Milky Way like galaxies
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The stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations
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Self-citationLoinard, L., Menten, K. M., Güsten, R., Zapata, L. A., & Rodríguez, L. F. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/749/1/l4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
HALO ORBITS IN COSMOLOGICAL DISK GALAXIES: TRACERS OF FORMATION HISTORY
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Mateu, C., Bruzual, G. A., Aguilar, L. A., Brown, A. G. A., Valenzuela, O., Carigi, L., Velázquez, H., & Hernández, F. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18690.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Molecules in η CarinaePreprint
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Self-citationKinematically Detected Halo Streams
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Jeans Instability in a Tidally Disrupted Halo Satellite GalaxyPreprint
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The abundance of iron-peak elements and the dust composition in η Carinae: manganese
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Stream automatic detection with convolutional neural networks
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Self-citationη Carinae: Particle acceleration and multimessenger aspects
Walter, R., & Balbo, M. (2019) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.201913609 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Substructures, resonances, and debris streams
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Estimating Accretion Times of Halo Substructures in the Milky Way
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The heartbeat of stellar halos: Insights from the stellar halo mass-metallicity relation
Gonzalez-Jara, J., Tissera, P. B., Monachesi, A., Tapia-Contreras, B., Pedrosa, S., Casanueva-Villarreal, C., Domínguez-Tenreiro, R., & Bignone, L. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202558440
- Authors
- Gómez, F. A., & Helmi, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Gómez, Facundo A.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-02-01
- Volume
- 401
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2285-2298
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W1979188228
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Satellite Systems and Control
- Keywords
- orbital frequency, phase space, satellite debris, galaxy mergers, tidal currents, N-body simulations, gravitational potential, satellite galaxies
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