Streams in the Aquarius stellar haloes
Open accessAbstract
We use the very high resolution, fully cosmological simulations from the Aquarius Project, coupled to a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation, to study the phase-space distribution of halo stars in ‘solar neighbourhood’ like volumes. We find that this distribution is very rich in substructure in the form of stellar streams for all five stellar haloes we have analysed. These streams can be easily identified in velocity space, as well as in spaces of pseudo-conserved quantities such as E versus Lz. In our best resolved local volumes, the number of identified streams ranges from ≈300 to 600, in very good agreement with previous analytical predictions, even in the presence of chaotic mixing. The fraction of particles linked to (massive) stellar streams in these volumes can be as large as 84 per cent. The number of identified streams is found to decrease as a power law with galactocentric radius. We show that the strongest limitation to the quantification of substructure in our poorest resolved local volumes is particle resolution rather than strong diffusion due to chaotic mixing.
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If the whole stellar halo had been built via mergers, approximately 500 streams would be expected in the halo near the Sun, independently of whether 10 or 100 galaxies had been accreted.
“Helmi & White (1999) estimated analytically (this was later confirmed using cosmological simulations by Helmi et al. 2003, Gómez et al. 2013) that if the whole stellar halo had been built via mergers, approximately 500 streams would be expected in the halo near the Sun (independently of whether 10 or 100 galaxies had been accreted).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Gómez et al. 2013
Section 4.1 (p. 7) reports that the simulated solar-neighbourhood stream counts fall within the approximately 300–500 range predicted by Helmi & White, supporting the claim that Gómez et al. confirmed the approximate count. Our copy does not say that the count is independent of whether 10 or 100 galaxies were accreted. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubstructure is still present in integrals-of-motion spaces even in simulations of the full hierarchical assembly of the halo.
“Nonetheless, Gómez et al. (2013) and Simpson et al. (2019), for example, have shown that substructure is still present in these spaces, even in simulations of the full hierarchical assembly of the halo.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Gómez et al. 2013
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Mcmillan, P. J., & Binney, J. J. (2013) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Burnett, B., Binney, J. J., Sharma, S., Williams, M. E. K., Zwitter, T., Bienaymé, O., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Freeman, K. C., Fulbright, J. P., Gibson, B. K., et al. (2011) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1107.1256 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping substructures in dark matter haloes
Knebe, A., Gill, S., Kawata, D., & Gibson, B. K. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.08666.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Influence of baryons on the orbital structure of dark matter haloes
Bryan, S. E., Mao, S., Kay, S. T., Schaye, J., Vecchia, C. D., & Booth, C. M. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20298.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Schlaufman, K. C., Rockosi, C. M., Lee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., & Prieto, C. A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/734/1/49 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
DISSECTING GALAXY FORMATION. II. COMPARING SUBSTRUCTURE IN PURE DARK MATTER AND BARYONIC MODELS
Romano-Díaz, E., Shlosman, I., Heller, C. H., & Hoffman, Y. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/716/2/1095 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Schlaufman, K. C., Rockosi, C. M., Lee, Y. S., Beers, T. C., & Prieto, C. A. (2010) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Influence of baryons on the orbital structure of dark matter haloes
Bryan, S., Mao, S., Kay, S. T., Schaye, J., Dalla Vecchia, C., & Booth, C. M. (2012) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Satellite survival in highly resolved Milky Way class haloes
Geen, S., Slyz, A. D., & Devriendt, J. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts364 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
HALO ORBITS IN COSMOLOGICAL DISK GALAXIES: TRACERS OF FORMATION HISTORY
Valluri, M., Debattista, V. P., Stinson, G. S., Bailin, J., Quinn, T. R., Couchman, H. M. P., & Wadsley, J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/767/1/93 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Comparing galactic satellite properties in hydrodynamical and N-body simulations
Schewtschenko, J. A., & Macciò, A. V. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18179.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Halo orbits in cosmological disk galaxies: Tracers of formation history
Valluri, M., Debattista, V. P., Stinson, G. S., Bailin, J., Quinn, T., Couchman, H. M. P., & Wadsley, J. W. (2013) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 92 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Barden S. C. et al., 2010, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 7735, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series
- G´ omez F. A., 2010, PhD thesis, University of Groningen
- Helmi A., Gomez F., 2007, ArXiv e-prints
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Origin of the system of globular clusters in the Milky Way
Massari, D., Koppelman, H. H., & Helmi, A. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936135 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Johnson, B. D., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Caldwell, N., Zaritsky, D., & Cargile, P. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationOrigin of the system of globular clusters in the Milky Way
Massari, D., Koppelman, H. H., & Helmi, A. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936135/pdf · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationMonachesi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Simpson, C. M., Kauffmann, G., Bustamante, S., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Springel, V., Frenk, C. S., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz538 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationChaos Detection and Predictability
Skokos, C., Gottwald, G. A., & Laskar, J. (2016) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48410-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
A box full of chocolates: The rich structure of the nearby stellar halo revealed byGaiaand RAVE
Helmi, A., Veljanoski, J., Breddels, M. A., Tian, H., & Sales, L. V. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629990 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar haloes in Milky Way mass galaxies: from the inner to the outer haloes
Tissera, P. B., Beers, T. C., Carollo, D., & Scannapieco, C. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu181 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
On the kinematic detection of accreted streams in the Gaia era: a cautionary tale
Jean-Baptiste, I., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., Gómez, A., Montuori, M., Combes, F., & Semelin, B. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629691 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Generation of mock tidal streams
Fardal, M. A., Huang, S., & Weinberg, M. D. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1198 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S5): Chemical Abundances of Seven Stellar Streams
Ji, A., Li, T. S., Hansen, T., Casey, A., Koposov, S. E., Pace, A., Mackey, D., Lewis, G., Simpson, J., Bland-Hawthorn, J., et al. (2020) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abacb6 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Errani, R., Peñarrubia, J., Laporte, C. F. P., & Gómez, F. A. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw211 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationStarGO: A New Method to Identify the Galactic Origins of Halo Stars
Yuan, Z., Chang, J., Banerjee, P., Han, J., Kang, X., & Smith, M. C. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacd0d · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Carballo-Bello, J. A., Sollima, A., Martínez‐Delgado, D., Pila-Díez, B., Leaman, R., Fliri, J., Muñoz, R. R., & Corral-Santana, J. M. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1949 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Grand, R. J. J., Deason, A. J., White, S. D. M., Simpson, C. M., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz092 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationTails and streams around the Galactic globular clusters NGC 1851, NGC 1904, NGC 2298 and NGC 2808
Carballo-Bello, J. A., Martínez‐Delgado, D., Navarrete, C., Catelan, M., Muñoz, R. R., Antoja, T., & Sollima, A. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2767 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Substructure in the stellar halo near the Sun
Lövdal, S., Ruiz-Lara, T., Koppelman, H. H., Matsuno, T., Dodd, E., & Helmi, A. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243060 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationStarGO: A New Method to Identify the Galactic Origins of Halo Stars
Yuan, Z., Chang, J., Banerjee, P., Han, J., Kang, X., & Smith, M. C. (2018) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Walk on the Retrograde Side (WRS) project
Ceccarelli, E., Massari, D., Mucciarelli, A., Bellazzini, M., Nunnari, A., Cusano, F., Lardo, C., Romano, D., Ilyin, I. V., & Stokholm, A. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348332 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gómez, F. A., Coleman-Smith, C. E., O'Shea, B. W., Tumlinson, J., & Wolpert, R. L. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/787/1/20 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the relevance of chaos for halo stars in the solar neighbourhood
Maffione, N. P., Gómez, F. A., Cincotta, P. M., Giordano, C. M., Cooper, A. P., & O’Shea, B. W. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1778 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations
Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Libeskind, N. I., Haywood, M., Matteo, P. D., Belokurov, V. A., Steinmetz, M., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244233 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe stellar halo in Local Group Hestia simulations
Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Libeskind, N. I., Belokurov, V. A., Steinmetz, M., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., Knebe, A., Sorce, J. G., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244234 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationFiorentin, P. R., Lattanzi, M. G., Spagna, A., & Curir, A. (2015) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/128 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Orkney, M. D. A., Laporte, C. F. P., Grand, R. J. J., Gómez, F. A., van de Voort, F., Fattahi, A., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Fragkoudi, F., & Springel, V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2361 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationSimulating cosmological substructure in the solar neighbourhood
Simpson, C. M., Gargiulo, I., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Maffione, N., Cooper, A. P., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C., Helly, J., Marinacci, F., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz142 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat to expect from dynamical modelling of galactic haloes
Wang, W., Han, J., Cole, S., Frenk, C. S., & Sawala, T. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1334 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar Populations in the Outer Disk and Halo of the Spiral Galaxy M101
Mihos, J., Durrell, P., Feldmeier, J., Harding, P., & Watkins, A. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacd14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
On the relevance of chaos for halo stars in the solar neighbourhood II
Maffione, N. P., Gómez, F. A., Cincotta, P. M., Giordano, C., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Simpson, C. M., Springel, V., & Frenk, C. S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1297 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationParticle tagging and its implications for stellar population dynamics
Bret, T. L., Pontzen, A., Cooper, A. P., Frenk, C. S., Zolotov, A., Brooks, A. M., Governato, F., & Parry, O. H. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx552 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the edge: the relation between stellar and dark matter haloes of Milky Way-mass galaxies
Genina, A., Deason, A. J., & Frenk, C. S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad397 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAuriga Streams II: orbital properties of tidally disrupting satellites of Milky Way-mass galaxies
Shipp, N., Riley, A. H., Simpson, C. M., Bieri, R., Necib, L., Arora, A., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., & Marinacci, F. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1283 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAuriga Streams – I: disrupting satellites surrounding Milky Way-mass haloes at multiple resolutions
Riley, A. H., Shipp, N., Simpson, C. M., Bieri, R., Fattahi, A., Brown, S. T., Oman, K. A., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1350 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationMorinaga, Y., Ishiyama, T., Kirihara, T., & Kinjo, K. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1373 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cavieres, M., Chanamé, J., Navarrete, C., Órdenes-Briceño, Y., Garavito-Camargo, N., Besla, G., Hempel, M., Vivas, A. K., & Gómez, F. A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbf08 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTRACING THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES USING STELLAR ABUNDANCES
Crosby, B. D., O’Shea, B. W., Beers, T. C., & Tumlinson, J. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/820/1/71 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The chaos induced by the Galactic bar on the orbits of nearby halo stars
Woudenberg, H. C., & Helmi, A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555672 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamical substructures of local metal-poor halo
Ye, D., Du, C., Shi, J., & Ma, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3860 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Origins and Interpretation of Tidal Debris
Johnston, K. V. (2015) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19336-6_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. VIII. Early Formation of the Galactic Spheroid*
Bono, G., Braga, V. F., Fabrizio, M., Tantalo, M., Villagra, K. B., Crestani, J., D’Orazi, V., Dall’Ora, M., Criscienzo, M. D., Fiorentino, G., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c60 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Chemodynamical Nature of the Triangulum–Andromeda Overdensity
Abuchaim, Y., Perottoni, H. D., Rossi, S., Limberg, G., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Santucci, R. M., Placco, V. M., Sales-Silva, J. V., Anders, F., & Rocha–Pinto, H. J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc9bc · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Relative Lyapunov Indicators: Theory and Application to Dynamical Astronomy
Sándor, Z., & Maffione, N. P. (2016) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48410-4_6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
What Is Missing from the Local Stellar Halo?
Sharpe, K., Naidu, R. P., & Conroy, C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad19ca · Cited by 4 · see citing works
van Oirschot, P., Nelemans, G., Pols, O. R., & Starkenburg, E. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3383 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Monoceros Ring, and Other Substructure Near the Galactic Plane
Yanny, B., & Newberg, H. J. (2015) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19336-6_3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Outer Regions of the Milky Way
Figueras, F. (2017) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56570-5_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kunder, A., Prudil, Z., Monachesi, A., Morris, S. J., Devine, K. E., Hughes, J., Covey, K. R., Rich, R. M., & Tau, E. A. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adefdd · Cited by 1 · see citing works
White dwarfs in the building blocks of the Galactic spheroid
van Oirschot, P., Nelemans, G., Starkenburg, E., Toonen, S., Helmi, A., & Zwart, S. P. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730418/pdf · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar halos and the link to galaxy formation
Helmi, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921315009771
Self-citationMass modelling from stellar streams in the Milky Way
Helmi, A., & Sanderson, R. E. (2014) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921315003300
Self-citationWhite dwarfs in the building blocks of the Galactic spheroid
van Oirschot, P., Nelemans, G., Starkenburg, E., Toonen, S., Helmi, A., & Zwart, S. P. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730418
Self-citationEstimating Accretion Times of Halo Substructures in the Milky Way
Li, H., Chiba, M., Xue, X.-X., & Zhao, G. (2026) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae3a83
Probing the Milky Way halo with RR Lyrae stars from Gaia Data Release 3
Muraveva, T., Monti, L., Massari, D., Leo, M. D., Garofalo, A., Clementini, G., Ceccarelli, E., & Michelucci, U. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202658986
- Authors
- Gómez, F. A., Helmi, A., Cooper, A. P., Frenk, C. S., Navarro, J. F., & White, S. D. M.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gómez, Facundo A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-10-23
- Volume
- 436
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 3602-3613
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2171727542
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/I00162X/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/I001166/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- stellar streams, stellar haloes, Aquarius Project, phase space distribution, halo substructure, chaotic mixing, galactocentric distance, particle resolution, Galactic halo
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