Disassembling the Galaxy with angle-action coordinates
Open accessAbstract
Angle-action coordinates are used to study the relic of an N-body simulation of a self-gravitating satellite galaxy that was released on a short-period orbit within the disc of the Galaxy. Satellite stars that lie within 1.5 kpc of the Sun are confined to a grid of patches in action space. As the relic phase mixes for longer, the patches become smaller and more numerous. These patches can be seen even when the angle-action coordinates of an erroneous Galactic potential are used, but using the wrong potential displaces them. Diagnostic quantities constructed from the angle coordinates both allow the true potential to be identified, and the relic to be dated. Hence, when the full phase space coordinates of large numbers of solar-neighbourhood stars are known, it should be possible to identify members of particular relics from the distribution of stars in an approximate action space. This would then open up the possibility of determining the time since the relic was disrupted and gaining better knowledge of the Galactic potential. The availability of angle-action coordinates for arbitrary potentials is the key to these developments. The paper includes a brief introduction to the torus technique used to generate them.
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Individual streams or portions of streams are particularly apparent in frequency space because each stream has its own characteristic frequency defining its phase along the orbit.
“Individual streams or portions of streams are particularly apparent in frequency space, as can be seen in Figure 4a.This is because the individual streams each have their own characteristic frequency (which defines their phase along the orbit; see McMillan & Binney 2008, Gómez & Helmi 2010).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan & Binney 2008
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Davies, E. Y., Vasiliev, E., Belokurov, V. A., Evans, N. W., & Dillamore, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3581 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The messy merger of a large satellite and a Milky Way-like galaxy
Koppelman, H. H., Bos, R. O. Y., & Helmi, A. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038652/pdf · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Is there substructure around M87?
Oldham, L., & Evans, N. W. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1574 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kalda, T., Green, G. M., & Ghosh, S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLISIONLESS STAR STREAMS
Carlberg, R. G. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/800/2/133 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Quantifying the influence of bars on action-based dynamical modelling of disc galaxies
Ghosh, S., Trick, W. H., & Green, G. M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1525 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Origins and Interpretation of Tidal Debris
Johnston, K. V. (2015) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19336-6_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Orbit properties of massive prolate galaxies in the Illustris simulation
Wang, Y., Mao, S., Li, H., Xu, D., Chen, X., & Springel, V. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3297 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Progenitor Diversity in the Accreted Stellar Halos of Milky Way–like Galaxies
Pu, S.-Y., Cooper, A. P., Grand, R. J. J., Gómez, F. A., & Monachesi, A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ada382 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sante, A., Font, A. S., Ortega‐Martorell, S., Olier, I., & McCarthy, I. G. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1398 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Envelopes and vertical amplitudes of disc-crossing orbits
Vieira, R. S. S., & Ramos-Caro, J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz325 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
van de Ven, G., Falcón‐Barroso, J., & Lyubenova, M. (2025) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-025659 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Behaviour of streams in angle and frequency spaces in different potentials
Buist, H. J. T., & Helmi, A. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527930 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Integrals of motion for non-axisymmetric potentials
Bienaymé, O. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935573 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Integrals of motion for non-axisymmetric potentials
Bienaymé, O. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935573/pdf · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Behaviour of streams in angle and frequency spaces in different potentials
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Stellar Halos: Unmasking a Galaxy’s History
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Stream Modelling in Angle-Frequency Space
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Actions, Angles and Frequencies from Numerically Integrated Orbits
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Angle-Action Estimation in a General Axisymmetric Potential
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Dynamical Models of the Milky Way in Action Space with LAMOST DR8 and Gaia EDR3
Sun, G.-C., Wang, Q., Mao, S., Li, Y., Long, R. J., Ding, P.-J., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Chen, X. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb57e
Estimating Accretion Times of Halo Substructures in the Milky Way
Li, H., Chiba, M., Xue, X.-X., & Zhao, G. (2026) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae3a83
- Authors
- McMillan, P. J., & Binney, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McMillan, Paul J.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-10-11
- Volume
- 390
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 429-437
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2038211724
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- action space, Galactic potential, phase space, N-body simulations, short-period orbits, solar neighbourhood stars, stellar kinematics, Galactic disc
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