A dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during late pregnancy and adult intelligence in male offspring
Abstract
An association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and cognitive and behavioural development has been observed in several studies, but potential effects of maternal smoking on offspring adult intelligence have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate a potential association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring intelligence in young adulthood. Adult intelligence was assessed at the mean age of 18.7 years by a military draft board intelligence test (Borge Priens Prove) for 3044 singleton males from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort with information regarding maternal smoking during the third trimester coded into five categories (about 50% of the mothers were smokers). The following potential confounders were included as covariates in multivariable analyses: parental social status and education, single mother status, mother's height and age, number of pregnancies, and gestational age. In separate analyses, birthweight and length were also included as covariates. Maternal cigarette smoking during the third trimester, adjusted for the seven covariates, showed a negative association with offspring adult intelligence (P=0.0001). The mean difference between the no-smoking and the heaviest smoking category amounted to 0.41 standard deviation, corresponding to an IQ difference of 6.2 points [95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.68]. The association remained significant when further adjusted for birthweight and length (P=0.007). Both unadjusted and adjusted means suggested a dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring adult intelligence. When subjects with missing data were excluded, essentially the same results were obtained in the reduced sample (n=1829). These results suggest that smoking during pregnancy may have long-term negative consequences on offspring adult intelligence.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,819 · see citing works
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638 · see citing works
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Fong, G. T., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. R. (1985) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287930 · Cited by 4,608 · see citing works
The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence
Webster, A. S., & Wechsler, D. (1958) · The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology and Police Science · doi:10.2307/1141601 · Cited by 1,812 · see citing works
The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence (4th ed.).
Wechsler, D. (1958) · doi:10.1037/11167-000 · Cited by 1,683 · see citing works
Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study
Ong, K. K. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7240.967 · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research
Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L., & Rubin, D. B. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804403 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (2003) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(03)00029-1 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
The Association Between Duration of Breastfeeding and Adult Intelligence
Mortensen, E. L. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2365 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Smoking in Pregnancy and Subsequent Child Development
Butler, N. R., & Goldstein, H. (1973) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5892.573 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Milberger, S., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Chen, L., & Jones, J. T. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.9.1138 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Intelligence, Heredity and Environment
(1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174282 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Behavioral genetics of cognitive ability: A life-span perspective.
McGue, M., Bouchard, T. J., Iacono, W. G., & Lykken, D. T. (1993) · Nature, nurture & psychology. · doi:10.1037/10131-003 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Adult Male Criminal Outcomes
Brennan, P. A., Grekin, E. R., & Mednick, S. A. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.3.215 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
60??? and 72-Month Follow-up of Children Prenatally Exposed to Marijuana, Cigarettes, and Alcohol
Fried, P. A., CONNELL, C. M. O., & Watkinson, B. (1992) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199212000-00001 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Ananth, C. V., Savitz, D. A., & Luther, E. R. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009022 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Landesman‐Dwyer, S., & Emanuel, I. (1979) · Teratology · doi:10.1002/tera.1420190116 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (1998) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(97)00091-3 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Mental development of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.
Naeye, R. L., & Peters, E. C. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Räsänen, P. K., Hakko, H. H., Isohanni, M. K., Hodgins, S., Järvelin, M., & Tiihonen, J. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.857 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Maternal Smoking Before and After Pregnancy: Effects on Behavioral Outcomes in Middle Childhood
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (1993) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.92.6.815 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Intellectual Impairment in Children of Women Who Smoke Cigarettes During Pregnancy
Olds, D. L., Henderson, C., & Tatelbaum, R. C. (1994) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.93.6.973 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Pre- and post-natal growth in children of women who smoked in pregnancy
Vik, T., Jacobsen, G. W., VATTEN, L. J., & Bakketeig, L. S. (1996) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(96)01735-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY UP TO THE AGE OF 14 OF CHILDREN WHOSE MOTHERS SMOKED DURING PREGNANCY
Rantakallio, P. T. (1983) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09805.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Intellectual Impairment in Children of Women Who Smoke Cigarettes During Pregnancy
Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., & Tatelbaum, R. C. (1994) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.93.2.221 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Smoking in pregnancy and development into early adulthood.
Fogelman, K., & Manor, O. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6658.1233 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Intelligence as measured by the WAIS and a military draft board group test
MORTENSEN, E. L., REINISCH, J. M., & TEASDALE, T. W. (1989) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01094.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Brennan, P. A., Grekin, E. R., Mortensen, E. L., & Mednick, S. A. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.48 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Babies: Human development during the first year.
Zachau-Christiansen, B., & Ross, E. M. (1975) · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Weight growth in infants born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy
Conter, V., Cortinovis, I., Rogari, P., & Riva, L. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6982.768 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hg, D., Ak, M., Sandraingram, & Cm, H. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Smoking during pregnancy and its effects on child cognitive ability from the ages of 8 to 12 years
Fergusson, D. M., & Lloyd, M. (1991) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00700.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Markestad, T., Vik, T., Ahlsten, G., GEBRE‐MEDHIN, M., Skjærven, R., Jacobsen, G. W., Hj, H., & Bakketeig, L. S. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Nafstad, P. H. J., Jaakkola, J. J. K., Hagen, J. A., Stray‐Pedersen, B., Qvigstad, E., Botten, G., & Kongerud, J. S. (1997) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.51.3.261 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Lassen, K., & Oei, T. P. S. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00022-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prenatal Smoking and Antisocial Behavior
Fergusson, D. M. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.3.223 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
From Birth to Seven. The Second Report of the National Child Development Study (1958 Cohort).
Douglas, J. W. B. (1973) · Population Studies · doi:10.2307/2173777 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
From birth to seven: the second report of the national child development study. (1958 Cohort))
Davie, R., Butler, N. R., & Goldstein, H. (1972) · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Prenatal Development Project
Reinisch, J. M., Mortensen, E. L., & Sanders, S. A. (1993) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb05361.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Muran, J. C., Kassinove, H., Ross, S., & Muran, E. M. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198903)45:2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects at age nine of maternal smoking in pregnancy: experimental and observational findings
MacArthur, C., Knox, E. G., & Lancashire, R. J. (2001) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00006.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Shannon, F. T. (1968) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5627.339 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Intellectual Impairment in Children of Women Who Smoke Cigarettes During Pregnancy
Olds, D. L., Henderson, C., & Tatelbaum, R. C. (1994) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-199408000-00010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Frydman, M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Thorn, G., Barrett, M. D. J., pitman-teresa-barrett-joyce, & Macy, C. (1979) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pulkkinen, P. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lange, S., Probst, C., Rehm, J., & Popova, S. (2018) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30223-7 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Fetal origins of mental health: Evidence and mechanisms
Schlotz, W., & Phillips, D. I. W. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.001 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Child Outcomes: Real or Spurious Effect?
Knopik, V. S. (2009) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640802564366 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
England, L. J., Aagaard, K., Bloch, M., Conway, K., Cosgrove, K., Grana, R., Gould, T. J., Hatsukami, D., Jensen, F., Kandel, D., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The effects of nicotine on human fetal development
Holbrook, B. D. (2016) · Birth Defects Research Part C Embryo Today Reviews · doi:10.1002/bdrc.21128 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Gilman, S. E., Gardener, H. E., & Buka, S. L. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn175 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring outcomes
Arpana Agrawal, A., Scherrer, J. F., Grant, J. D., Sartor, C. E., Pergadia, M. L., Duncan, A. E., Madden, P. A. F., Haber, J. R., Jacob, T., Bucholz, K. K., et al. (2009) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.12.009 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Abbott, L. C., & Winzer‐Serhan, U. H. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2012.658506 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Clifford, A., Lang, L., & Chen, R. (2012) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.004 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Zhou, S., Rosenthal, D. G., Sherman, S., Zelikoff, J., Gordon, T., & Weitzman, M. (2014) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.03.007 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and school performance at age 15
Lambe, M., Hultman, C., Torr??ng, A., MacCabe, J., & Cnattingius, S. (2006) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000231561.49208.be · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Batty, G., Der, G., & Deary, I. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0168 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Dietary behaviour of pregnant versus non-pregnant women
Verbeke, W., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.07.078 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Impact of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Early Child Neurodevelopment
Wehby, G. L., Prater, K., McCarthy, A. M., Castilla, E. E., & Murray, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/660885 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Zammit, S., Thomas, K., Thompson, A., Horwood, J., Menezes, P., Gunnell, D., Hollis, C., Wolke, D., Lewis, G., & Harrison, G. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.062471 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring IQ
Breslau, N. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi163 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hunter, A., Murray, R., Asher, L., & Leonardi-Bee, J. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty160 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Teasdale, T. W. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00789.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Weitzman, M. L., Baten, A., Rosenthal, D. G., Hoshino, R., Tohn, E., & Jacobs, D. E. (2013) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.06.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Obel, C., Línnet, K., Henriksen, T. B., Rodriguez, A., Järvelin, M., Kotimaa, A., Moilanen, I. K., Ebeling, H., Bilenberg, N., Taanila, A. M., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym290 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Maternal prenatal smoking, parental antisocial behavior, and early childhood physical aggression
Huijbregts, S. C. J., Séguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000217 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Long-term consequences of maternal smoking and developmental chronic nicotine exposure
Ursula, H. W.-S. (2007) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2708 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Social Factors, Psychopathology, and Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy
Gilman, S. E., Breslau, J. A., Subramanian, S. V., Hitsman, B. L., & Koenen, K. C. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.102772 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (2006) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.06.003 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and intellectual performance in young adult Swedish male offspring
Lundberg, F. E., Cnattingius, S., D'Onofrio, B. M., Altman, D., Lambe, M. P., Hultman, C. M., & Iliadou, A. N. (2009) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01073.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lawlor, D. A., Clark, H. R., Smith, G. D., & Leon, D. A. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2412 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Havard, A., Chandran, J. J., & Oei, J. L. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15792 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Rahu, M., Rahu, M., Pullmann, H., & Allïk, J. (2010) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.06.010 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lanting, C. I., Buitendijk, S. E., Crone, M. R., Segaar, D., Gravenhorst, J. B., & Wouwe, J. P. V. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008363 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Agostoni, C. V., Galli, C., Riva, E., Colombo, C., Giovannini, M., & Marangoni, F. (2005) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.05.040 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Huijbregts, S. C. J., Séguin, J. R., Zelazo, P. D., Parent, S., Japel, C., & Tremblay, R. E. (2006) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.480 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Smoking in pregnancy: a risk factor for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants?
Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer, U., Ralser, E., Peglow, U. P., Reiter, G., Griesmaier, E., & Trawöger, R. (2010) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01749.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Infant developmental milestones and adult intelligence: A 34-year follow-up
Flensborg‐Madsen, T., & Mortensen, E. L. (2015) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Executive Function Profile in the Offspring of Women That Smoked During Pregnancy
Piper, B. J., & Corbett, S. M. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr181 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gestational age at birth and academic performance: population-based cohort study
Abel, K. M., Heuvelman, H., Wicks, S., Rai, D., Emsley, R., Gardner, R. M., & Dalman, C. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw284 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gestational age differences in health and development among young Swedish men born at term
Yang, S., Bergvall, N., Cnattingius, S., & Kramer, M. S. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq070 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
de Jong, C., Kikkert, H. K., Fidler, V., & Hadders‐Algra, M. (2012) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04444.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cognitive Function and Army Rejection Rate in Young Adult Male Offspring of Women With Diabetes
Nielsen, G. L., Dethlefsen, C., Sørensen, H. T., Pedersen, J. F., & Mølsted‐Pedersen, L. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1225 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Can They Improve Human Health by Preventing Disease?
Lin, S. C.-C., & Talbot, P. (2011) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802611796117621 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Birth Weight and Cognitive Ability in Childhood Among Siblings and Nonsiblings
Yang, S., Lynch, J. W., Susser, E., & Lawlor, D. A. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3851 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
O’Callaghan, F., O'Callaghan, M. J., Scott, J. G., Najman, J. M., & Mamun, A. A. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1439-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Jensen, R. B., Juul, A., Larsen, T., Mortensen, E. L., & Greisen, G. O. (2015) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nielsen, G. L., Andersen, E., & Lundbye‐Christensen, S. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03024.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer, U., Ralser, E., Peglow, U. P., Pehböck‐Walser, N., & Fußenegger, B. (2012) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12036 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ramsay, H., Barnett, J. H., Murray, G. K., Mäki, P. H., Hurtig, T. M., Nordström, T., Miettunen, J., Kiviniemi, V. J., Niemelä, S., Pausová, Z., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1142-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Anthopolos, R., Edwards, S. E., & Miranda, M. L. (2013) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12081 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Early life predictors of intelligence in young adulthood and middle age
Flensborg‐Madsen, T., Eriksen, H. F., & Mortensen, E. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228144 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of Tobacco Smoking in Pregnancy on Offspring Intelligence at the Age of 5
Eriksen, H. F., Kesmodel, U. S., Wimberley, T., Underbjerg, M., Kilburn, T. R., & Mortensen, E. L. (2012) · Journal of Pregnancy · doi:10.1155/2012/945196 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hegelund, E. R., Flensborg‐Madsen, T., Vassard, D., Niclasen, J., & Mortensen, E. L. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1235-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
School performance in children born after ICSI
Norrman, E., Petzold, M., Bergh, C., & Wennerholm, U. (2019) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dez281 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Al‐Sawalha, N. A., Alzoubi, K. H., Khabour, O. F., Alyacoub, W., & Almahmmod, Y. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.049 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Corrêa, M. L., Soares, P. S. M., da Silva, B. G. C., Wehrmeister, F. C., Horta, B. L., & Menezes, A. M. B. (2021) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rosenthal, D. G., & Weitzman, M. L. (2011) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.2753/imh0020-7411400103 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ebbesen, F., Ehrenstein, V., Traeger, M., & Nielsen, G. L. (2010) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2009.159285 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Liao, C., Chen, Y.-J., Lee, J.-F., Lu, C.-L., & Chen, C. (2012) · Tzu Chi Medical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tcmj.2012.08.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Development of national dietary and lifestyle guidelines for pregnant women in Lebanon
Naja, F., Ayoub, J. J., Baydoun, S., Nassour, S., Zgheib, P., & Nasreddine, L. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13199 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lee, S., Weerasinghe, S., & van der Werf, J. H. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06214-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oh, Y., Baek, J. H., & Joung, Y. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e411 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of pre-and neonatal nicotine exposure in rodents: inconsistent evidence
Sobrian, S. K., & Holson, R. R. (2011) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.52.3.251 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, Q., Cai, X., Zhou, H., Ma, D., & Li, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1386137 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Iyen, B., Vaz, L. R., Taggar, J., Cooper, S. E., Lewis, S., & Coleman, T. J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024923 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Waldie, K. E., Grabka, P., Thompson, J., Murphy, R., Wall, C. R., Ferguson, L. R., & Mitchell, E. A. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.12.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Silveira, P. P., & Manfro, G. G. (2014) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_12 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Hamman, R. F., Fingerlin, T. E., Rosenberg, C. R., Carpenter, L. A., Lee, L.-C., Giarelli, E., Wiggins, L. D., Durkin, M. S., et al. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.01.007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rivera, P. J. R., Liang, H., Isaiah, A., Cloak, C. C., Menken, M. S., Ryan, M. C., Ernst, T., & Chang, L. (2023) · NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1515/nipt-2023-0013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and reproductive and developmental toxicity
Shiverick, K. T. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382032-7.10024-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bilde, K., Olesen, R. H., Ernst, E. H., Mamsen, L. S., Amoushahi, M., Lykke‐Hartmann, K., Ernst, E., & Larsen, A. (2019) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dez197 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bravo, M., & Miranda, M. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111241 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Corrêa, M. L., da Silva, B. G. C., Wehrmeister, F. C., Horta, B. L., Gonçalves, H., Anselmi, L., Barros, F. C., & Menezes, A. M. B. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106983 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wilson, C. A., Santorelli, G., Howard, L. M., Ismail, K., Reynolds, R. M., & Simonoff, E. A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44619-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Agostoni, C. V., Risé, P., & Marangoni, F. (2013) · Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop series · doi:10.1159/000351393 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smoking during Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Stunting and Anemia in Infancy
Bové, I., & Campoy, C. (2014) · International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.4172/2469-9837.1000109 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smoking during pregnancy in an Irish obstetric Population: Prevalence, maternal and ethnic factors
Morrison, J. C., Dempsey, M., Greaney, C., & Morrison, J. J. (2024) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.10.057 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mental Health and Behavioral Disorders in Pregnancy
Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K. Y., Bogen, D. L., Altemus, M. M., Pearlstein, T. B., Svikis, D. S., Misra, D. P., & Miller, E. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-32108-2.00055-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
In Utero Exposure to Nicotine, Cocaine, and Amphetamines
Singer, L. T., Min, M. O., Lang, A., & Minnes, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32358-9_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hegelund, E. R., Folker, A. P., Wimmelmann, C. L., Just‐Østergaard, E., Mortensen, E. L., & Flensborg‐Madsen, T. (2019) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-019-9709-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schmidt, B. L., Santos, M. J., Cariaga-Martínez, A. E., Hill, L., Barloese, M. C. J., & Hall, Z. J. (2017) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Miguel, M. G. F. S., & Abreu, C. C. (2007) · Revista del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Balbuena, L., Mela, M., & Ahmed, A. (2023) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/14550725231206015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chetty-Mhlanga, S., Viglietti, P. G., Röösli, M., & Dalvie, M. A. (2021) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K. Y., Reynolds, S. K., Altemus, M. M., Bogen, D. L., Sunder, K. R., Misra, D. P., & Perel, J. M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06930-7.50052-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reframing air pollution as a cognitive and socioeconomic risk
Faherty, T., Ellis, L. A., Onyeaka, H. N., Harrison, R. M., & Pope, F. D. (2026) · npj Clean Air · doi:10.1038/s44407-026-00059-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The impact of smoking on infertility, pregnancy outcomes and fetal development
Hamad, M. F., Refaat, K. M., Fischer‐Hammadeh, C., & Hammadeh, M. E. (2012) · Teratology Studies · doi:10.4081/ts.2012.e1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Forchielli, M. L., & Walker, W. A. (2011) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0b013e3182303fc4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
Shiverick, K. T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804239-7.00025-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mental Health and Behavioral Disorders in Pregnancy
Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K. Y., Altemus, M. M., Bogen, D. L., Famy, C. S., Pearlstein, T. B., Misra, D. P., Reynolds, S. K., & Perel, J. M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1935-2.00052-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hegelund, E. R., Flensborg‐Madsen, T., Vassard, D., Rosenblum, L. A., Reinisch, J. M., & Mortensen, E. L. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.08.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eide, M. G. (2005) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gámiz, J. L. P., & Montero, A. C. (2005) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Zhu, T. (2005) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
O’Brien, J. (2007) · Developing practice
Schlotz, W. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_333
Schlotz, W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_333
Haustein, K.-O. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73309-6_9
(2010) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014461003706634
Huang, H., Liu, L., Feng, F., Sun, H., Li, F., Wu, H., Liang, C., Chu, X., Ning, Y., & Zhang, F. (2023) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000347
- Authors
- Mortensen, E. L., Michaelsen, K. F., Sanders, S. A., & Reinisch, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Mortensen, Erik Lykke
- Venue
- Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-11
- ISSN
- 0269-5022 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-3016
- OpenAlex
- W1998799313
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd017655-04, 5r01hd020263-03, 5r01da005056-05)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA05056)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-17655, HD20263)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- maternal smoking, prenatal tobacco exposure, adult intelligence, IQ, dose-response relationship, offspring cognitive development, birth weight, birth length
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Smoking, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
