Neurocognitive consequences of cigarette smoking in young adults–a comparison with pre-drug performance
Abstract
The present study examined effects of current and past regular cigarette smoking in young adult subjects. One hundred and twelve 17-21-year-old subjects, assessed since infancy, were evaluated using a battery of neurocognitive tests for which commensurate measures were obtained at 9-12 years of age, prior to the initiation of regular smoking. Smokers, determined by urinalysis and self-report, were categorized as heavy (>9 cigarettes per day) and light (<9 cigarettes per day) current smokers and former smokers, the latter having smoked cigarettes regularly in the past but not for at least 6 months. A third of the subjects were currently smoking cigarettes regularly with half of these being heavy smokers. Among former smokers, the average duration of smoking was slightly less than 2 years. Overall IQ, memory, processing speed, vocabulary, attention and abstract reasoning were the primary outcomes with comparisons being made between each of the three user groups and a control group who never smoked regularly. After accounting for potentially confounding factors including clinical assessment, marihuana use and pre-drug performance in the relevant cognitive domain, current regular smokers did significantly worse than non-smokers in a variety of cognitive areas predicated upon verbal/auditory competence including receptive and expressive vocabulary, oral arithmetic, and auditory memory. This impact of current smoking appears to behave in a dose-response and duration-related fashion. In contrast, former smokers differed from the non-smokers only in the arithmetic task. These results suggest that regular smoking during early adulthood is associated with cognitive impairments in selected domains and that these deficits may be reversed upon cessation. Together, the findings add to the body of evidence to be used in persuading adolescents and young adults against the initiation of smoking and, if currently smoking, the advantages of stopping.
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Current smokers aged 17-21 who smoked throughout adolescence performed worse than nonsmoking peers on many neurocognitive tasks, even after adjusting for education and family income.
“one study found that current smokers aged 17-21 who smoked throughout their adolescence performed significantly worse than their nonsmoking counterparts on a variety of neurocognitive tasks, even after adjustment for educational attainment and family income.”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [271]
Withdrawal from nicotine in adolescent tobacco users can impair cognition and worsen mood and attention.
“Finally, nicotine withdrawal in adolescent tobacco users can cause impairments in cognition and has adverse effects on mood and attention.(269-271)”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [271]
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- Authors
- Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R.
- Affiliations
- Carleton University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fried, P.A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 517-525
- ISSN
- 0892-0362 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009677158
- Semantic Scholar
- f73ce589490fd1de6c8e6c1d5b600ae9e8742664
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, neuropsychological performance, young adults, former smokers, heavy smokers, cognitive impairment, vocabulary, auditory memory, arithmetic performance, smoking cessation, dose-response relationship, smoking duration, smoking initiation prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Psychomotor Performance, Smoking, Vocabulary, Wechsler Scales, Smoking Cessation
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