Feasibility of prolonged continuous glucose monitoring in toddlers with type 1 diabetes: CGM and very young children with T1D
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use in very young children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-three children less than 4 yr of age with T1D were provided with a FreeStyle Navigator(®) (n = 21) or a Paradigm(®) (n = 2) CGM device. At baseline, mean age was 3.0 ± 0.8 yr, mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 8.0 ± 0.8%, 10 were using an insulin pump and 13 were on multiple daily injections. CGM use was evaluated over a 6-month period. RESULTS: Three children dropped out of the study before the end of 6 months. Among the 20 children who completed 6 months of follow-up, CGM use in month 6 was ≥6 d/wk in 9 (45%), 4 ≤ 6 d/wk in 2 (10%), and <4 d/wk in 9 (45%). Skin reactions were minimal. Although there was no detectable change in mean HbA1c between baseline and 6 months (7.9 and 8.0%, respectively), there was a high degree of parental satisfaction with CGM as measured on the CGM satisfaction scale questionnaire. A high percentage of glucose values were in the hyperglycemic range, and biochemical hypoglycemia was infrequent. CONCLUSION: More than 40% of very young children were able to safely use CGM on a near-daily basis after 6 months. CGM demonstrated frequent hyperglycemic excursions, with a large variability in glucose readings. Although improvement in glycemic control was not detected in the group as a whole, parental satisfaction with CGM was high.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes
(2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0805017 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
The effect of continuous glucose monitoring in well-controlled type 1 diabetes
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0108 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Profiles of Children With Type 1 Diabetes 6 Years After Disease Onset
NORTHAM, E. A., Anderson, P. J., Jacobs, R. K., Hughes, M., Warne, G. L., & Werther, G. A. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.9.1541 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Factors Predictive of Use and of Benefit From Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0889 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Rovet, J. F., & Ehrlich, R. M. (1999) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70211-8 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Hypoglycaemia and cognitive function
Warren, R. E., & Frier, B. M. (2004) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00421.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Neuropsychological profiles of young people with type 1 diabetes 12 yr after disease onset
Lin, A. P., NORTHAM, E. A., Rankins, D., Werther, G. A., & Cameron, F. J. (2010) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00588.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
A randomized, controlled study of insulin pump therapy in diabetic preschoolers
DiMeglio, L. A., Pottorff, T. M., Boyd, S. R., France, L., Fineberg, N. S., & Eugster, E. A. (2004) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.022 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Tamborlane, W. V., Bode, B. W., Buckingham, B. A., Chase, H. P., Clemons, R. D., Fox, L. A., Gilliam, L. K., Hirsch, I. B., Huang, E. S., Kollman, C., et al. (2008) · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationWEINZIMER, S. A., Ahern, J. H., Doyle, E. A., Vincent, M., Dziura, J. D., Steffen, A. T., & Tamborlane, W. V. (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0092 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency and Timing of Severe Hypoglycemia Affects Spatial Memory in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Hershey, T. G., Perantie, D. C., Warren, S. L., Zimmerman, E. C., Sadler, M., & White, N. H. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.10.2372 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationA Randomized Controlled Trial of Insulin Pump Therapy in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Fox, L. A., Buckloh, L. M., Smith, S. D., Wysocki, T., & Mauras, N. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1277 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive function in Type 1 diabetic children with and without episodes of severe hypoglycaemia
Bjørgaas, M. R., Gimse, R., Vik, T., & Sand, T. (1997) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08856.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children with Type 1 Diabetes
⁎ (2007) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.03.047 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Satisfaction with continuous glucose monitoring in adults and youths with Type 1 diabetes
Tansey, M., Laffel, L. M., Cheng, J., Beck, R. W., Coffey, J., Huang, E. S., Kollman, C., Lawrence, J. M., Lee, J., Ruedy, K. J., et al. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03368.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of nocturnal hypoglycemia on hypoglycemic cognitive dysfunction in type 1 diabetes.
Fanelli, C. G., Paramore, D. S., Hershey, T. G., Terkamp, C., Ovalle, F., Craft, S., & Cryer, P. E. (1998) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.12.1920 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Hannonen, R., Tupola, S. J., Ahonen, T. P. S., & Riikonen, R. (2003) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162203000501 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hannonen, R., Tupola, S., Ahonen, T., & Riikonen, R. (2003) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00341.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Northam, E., Anderson, P. J., Werther, G. A., Warne, G. L., & Andrewes, D. G. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1438 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group (2010) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2010.0015 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hershey, T. G., Craft, S., Bhargava, N., & White, N. H. (1997) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617797005092 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationHershey, T. G., Lillie, R., SADLER, M., & White, N. H. (2003) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617703950077 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationEEG Abnormalities in Diabetic Children
Haumont, D., Dorchy, H., & Pelc, S. (1979) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992287901801205 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.8.1929 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-2298 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationGandrud, L. M., Xing, D., Kollman, C., Block, J. M., Kunselman, B., Wilson, D. M., & Buckingham, B. A. (2007) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2007.0026 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationHershey, T. G., Lillie, R., Sadler, M., & White, N. H. (2004) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-543x.2004.00045.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationHypoglycemia in Children with Diabetes: Incidence, Counterregulation and Cognitive Dysfunction
Shehadeh, Ν., Davis, E. A., & Jones, T. W. (1998) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.1998.11.s1.177 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Williams, L. B., Eder, S. J., Crawford, M. J., Dolan, L. M., & Powers, S. W. (2010) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00649.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0036 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
7. Diabetes Technology: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021</i>
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s007 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: diabetes technologies
Sherr, J. L., Tauschmann, M., Battelino, T., de Bock, M., Forlenza, G., Roman, R., Hood, K. K., & Maahs, D. M. (2018) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12731 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Fonseca, V. A., Grunberger, G., Anhalt, H., Bailey, T. S., Blevins, T., Garg, S. K., Handelsman, Y., Hirsch, I. B., Orzeck, E. A., Roberts, V. L., et al. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161392.cs · Cited by 195 · see citing works
7. Diabetes Technology: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019</i>
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s007 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
A combined risk score enhances prediction of type 1 diabetes among susceptible children
Ferrat, L. A., Vehik, K., Sharp, S. A., Lernmark, Å., Rewers, M. J., She, J.-X., Ziegler, A.-G., Toppari, J., Akolkar, B., Krischer, J. P., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0930-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Strategies to Enhance New CGM Use in Early Childhood (SENCE) Study Group, Laffel, L., Harrington, K., Hanono, A., Naik, N., Ambler-Osborn, L., Schultz, A., DiMeglio, L., Woerne, S., Jolivette, H., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1060 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Managing diabetes in preschool children
Sundberg, F., Barnard, K., Cato, A., de Beaufort, C., DiMeglio, L. A., Dooley, G., Hershey, T., Hitchcock, J., Jain, V., Weissberg-Benchell, J., et al. (2017) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12554 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Van Name, M. A., Kanapka, L. G., DiMeglio, L. A., Miller, K. M., Albanese-O’Neill, A., Commissariat, P., Corathers, S. D., Harrington, K. R., Hilliard, M. E., Anderson, B. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221084667 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bomba, F., Müller-Godeffroy, E., & von Sengbusch, S. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0043-110479 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tsalikian, E., Fox, L., Weinzimer, S., Buckingham, B., White, N. H., Beck, R., Kollman, C., Xing, D., Ruedy, K., & Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Nemours Children’s Clinic (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Jaeb Center for Health Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tsalikian, Eva
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatric Diabetes
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-12-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 301-307
- ISSN
- 1399-543X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3665108
- OpenAlex
- W2156728006
- Semantic Scholar
- c1af7e3fddb0453e36b997e21e870414d63b85c7
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Pediatric Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Abbott Diabetes Care
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K12DK094714)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-56526, HD-41915, U01HD041890, U10HD041908, HD41890-10, HD41906-10, HD-41908-10, U10HD041918, U10HD041890, U10HD041915, U10HD056526, HD-41918, U10HD041906)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- continuous glucose monitoring, type 1 diabetes, toddlers, children under 4 years, feasibility, glycemic control, HbA1c, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, parental satisfaction, skin reactions, insulin pump therapy, multiple daily insulin injections
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Feasibility Studies, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Infant, Male, Parents, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Patient Satisfaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
