Interleukin-18 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 plasma levels in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia
Abstract
Inflammation has been involved in the development of dementia in cerebrovascular diseases. To investigate the cellular activation of the peripheral immune system in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), we determined the presence of IL-18 and TGF-beta1 in the plasma by using ELISA. The levels of IL-18 and TGF-beta1 were significantly elevated in patients with AD and VaD compared to non-demented, age-matched subjects. We found an inverse correlation between the levels of IL-18 and TGF-beta1 in AD patients. In VaD patients, the correlation between IL-18 and TGF-beta1 reached a borderline positive value. Whereas, in the non-demented, age-matched subjects, a positive correlation between IL-18 and TGF-beta1 levels was observed. These findings indicate that IL-18 and TGF-beta1 elevation is associated with AD and VaD patients, confirming that the immune system might exert a remarkable role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, as different modifications were detected in the patients affected by AD and VaD, we propose that IL-18 and TGF-beta1 plasma levels might represent possible differential biomarkers.
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Higher expression of IL-1β and IL-18 has been reported in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons surrounding Aβ plaques or in plasma of AD patients.
“Inflammasome and its products have been implicated in AD pathogenesis since a higher expression of IL-1β and IL-18 has been reported in the microglia, astrocytes, and neurons that surround Aβ plaques or in the plasma of AD patients (221–225).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [224]
Higher expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, caspase-5, IL-1β, and IL-18 was found in PBMCs of AD patients.
“The higher expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, caspase-5, IL-1β, and IL-18 was additionally found in the PBMCs of AD patients (224, 226, 227).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [224]
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- Authors
- Malaguarnera, L., Motta, M., Di Rosa, M., Anzaldi, M., & Malaguarnera, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Catania (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Malaguarnera, Lucia
- Venue
- Neuropathology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-07-20
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-312
- ISSN
- 0919-6544 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1789
- OpenAlex
- W1973445155
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- IL-18, TGF-β1, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, plasma cytokines, neuroinflammation, peripheral immune activation, biomarkers, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Dementia, Vascular, Biomarkers, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Interleukin-18
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