Increased intrathecal levels of the angiogenic factors VEGF and TGF-β in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate, in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VAD), patterns of local release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), two cytokines having a pivotal role in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. The intrathecal levels of these molecules were related to the clinical severity of these diseases and to the intrathecal levels of beta-amyloid protein. Significantly increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of both VEGF and TGF-beta were observed in 20 patients with AD and in 26 patients with VAD compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, there was significant correlation between the CSF levels of TGF-beta and VEGF in all the individuals studied. Our study demonstrates, both in patients with AD and in patients with VAD, an intrathecal production of VEGF, a cytokine which plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis. These results suggest that vascular factors might not only play a role in the pathogenesis of VAD but also in the pathogenesis of AD. In addition, we show in AD and VAD an intrathecal production of TGF-beta, a cytokine exerting on one hand anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties, but on the other promoting amyloidogenesis.
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines are markedly elevated in the brain and CSF of AD patients.
“Studies have shown that these pro-inflammatory cytokines are markedly elevated in the brain and CSF of AD patients [98–100].”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [99]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Tarkowski, E., Issa, R., Sjögren, M., Wallin, A., Blennow, K., Tarkowski, A., & Kumar, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tarkowski, Elisabeth
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-243
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168897511
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Göteborgs Läkaresällskap
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-beta, cerebrospinal fluid, angiogenesis, hypoxia, amyloid-beta, amyloidogenesis, disease severity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Albumins, Alzheimer Disease, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Lymphokines, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Dementia, Vascular, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Endothelial Growth Factors, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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