The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Language Anxiety: Its Relationship to Other Anxieties and to Processing in Native and Second Languages*
Abstract
This study investigated the factor structure underlying 23 scales assessing both language anxiety as well as other forms of anxiety. Three factors were obtained and identified as Social Evaluation Anxiety, State Anxiety, and Language Anxiety. Correlations were obtained between scores based on these factors and measures of short‐term memory (a Digit Span test) and vocabulary production (a Thing Category test). These two measures were administered in both LI (English) and L2 (French) versions. It was shown that Language Anxiety was correlated significantly with both Digit Span and Thing Category scores, but only in L2. Further analyses indicated that the French tasks were more anxiety‐provoking than were the English ones and that for LI, digit span was more anxiety‐provoking than was vocabulary. These results are interpreted in terms of the deficits created by anxiety during the cognitive processing of L2 stimuli.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
HORWITZ, E. K., HORWITZ, M. B., & COPE, J. (1986) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x · Cited by 5,697
Anxiety and Second‐Language Learning: Toward a Theoretical Clarification*
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1989.tb00423.x · Cited by 930
Self-citationAn Instrumental Motivation In Language Study: Who Says It Isn't Effective?
Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1991) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100009724 · Cited by 472
Self-citationValidity of the PRCA as an index of oral communication apprehension
McCroskey, J. C. (1978) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637757809375965 · Cited by 371
Research works printed but not linked: 42
- 10.1037/h0045464 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.815 · DOI
- Chrisjohn R. D.(1981).A substantive approach to the state‐trait distinction in anxiety.Unpublished doctoral dissertation The University of Western Ontario London Ontario .
- 10.1177/0261927X8600500403 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/h0081614 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0081081 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00366.x · DOI · Paper page
- Endler N. S., 1980, Handbook on stress and anxiety, 249
- Endler N. S., 1988, Assessment of state and trait anxiety: Endler multidimensional anxiety scales
- 10.1016/0092-6566(79)90001-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-006X.44.5.874 · DOI
- 10.1016/0092-6566(80)90016-1 · DOI
- Gardner R. C., 1985, The role of attitudes and motivation
- 10.1177/0261927X8700600102 · DOI
- Gardner R. C., 1987, The role of anxiety in second language performance of language dropouts
- 10.1037/h0027813 · DOI
- 10.1080/00221325.1979.10534079 · DOI
- 10.2466/pms.1984.58.1.21 · DOI
- 10.2307/3586302 · DOI · Paper page
- Jackson D. N., 1978, Advances in psychological assessment, 56
- 10.2466/pms.1986.62.2.391 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0080844 · DOI
- MacIntyre P. D.(1988).The effect of anxiety on foreign language learning and production.Unpublished master's thesis The University of Western Ontario London Ontario .
- MacIntyre P. D., 1988, An annotated bibliography
- MacIntyre P. D., 1988, Anxiety factors in language learning
- 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00677.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0001-6918(80)90059-1 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0044358 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0059340 · DOI
- Paivio A., 1965, Progress in experimental personality research, 127
- Sarason I. G., 1980, Test anxiety: Theory, research, and implications, 3
- Schwarzer R., 1986, Self‐related cognition in anxiety and motivation
- 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1978.tb00309.x · DOI · Paper page
- Spielberger C. D., 1966, Anxiety and behavior
- Spielberger C. D., 1983, Manual for the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y)
- 10.2307/3586395 · DOI
- Tobias S., 1986, Self‐relatedcognition in anxiety and motivation, 35
- Trylong V. L.(1987).Aptitude attitudes and anxiety:A study of their relationships to achievement in the foreign language classroom.Unpublished doctoral dissertation Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana .
- Tucker R., 1976, Affective, cognitive and social factors in second language acquisition, The Canadian Modern Language Review, 32, 214, 10.3138/cmlr.32.3.214 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0042978 · DOI
- 10.1037/h0027806 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1944-9720.1986.tb01032.x · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom
Dewaele, J.-M., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5 · Cited by 1,757
Self-citationAIDA, Y. (1994) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x · Cited by 1,109
Yashima, T., Zenuk‐Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00250.x · Cited by 684
Listening Comprehension and Anxiety in the Arabic Language Classroom
ELKHAFAIFI, H. (2005) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00275.x · Cited by 646
Anxiety in the College Japanese Language Classroom
Kitano, K. (2001) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/0026-7902.00125 · Cited by 443
Metadata
- Authors
- MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C.
- Venue
- Language Learning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1991-12
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 513-534
- ISSN
- 0023-8333 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9922
- OpenAlex
- W1979929547
- Cited by
- 581
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 21.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Language Anxiety: Its Relationship to Other Anxieties and to Processing in Native and Second Languages*. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00691.x
- The paper
- MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Language Anxiety: Its Relationship to Other Anxieties and to Processing in Native and Second Languages*. Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00691.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
