CORRELATING PERSONS INSTEAD OF TESTS
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Q-methodology offers a rigorous and systematic way for capturing human subjectivity.
“we have chosen to apply a mixed-method approach called Q-methodology, as it offers a rigorous and systematic way for capturing human subjectivity (Mettler and Wulf 2018;Stephenson 1935Stephenson , 1986)).”
From How affordances of chatbots cross the chasm between social and traditional enterprise systems (2020) · cites this paper as Stephenson 1935
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Doing Q ethodology: theory, method and interpretation
Watts, S., & Stenner, P. H. D. (2005) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088705qp022oa · Cited by 1,256 · see citing works
“Qualitative methodologists have rightly challenged the currently extant ‘scientific’ or hypothetico-deductive approach in psychology, but (and despite its quantitative content) it is important to recognize that Stephenson’s Q methodology was actually performing a similar function long before any significant qualitativ…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrown, S. R. (1993) · Universiteitsbibliotheek EUR · doi:10.15133/j.os.1993.002 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Modeling Intraindividual Change in Personality Traits: Findings From the Normative Aging Study
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.p153 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“The notion of person-level change was introduced by Stephenson (1936) and elaborated on by Cattell (1950, 1966; see also McArdle & Woodcock, 1997; Mehta & West, 2000; Nesselroade, 1988, 1991).”
BackgroundRescorla, L., Ginzburg, S., Achenbach, T., Ivanova, M., Almqvist, F., Begovac, I., Bilenberg, N., Bird, H., Chahed, M., Dobrean, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.717870 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“Third, we computed a Q correlation between the 98 mean CBCL item ratings and the 98 mean YSR item ratings within each society, based on the procedures pioneered by Stephenson (1935, 1953) whereby Pearson correlations are calculated between informants across items.”
MethodThe three basic factor-analytic research designs—their interrelations and derivatives.
Cattell, R. B. (1952) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0054245 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Q-Methodology in Nursing Research
Akhtar‐Danesh, N., Baumann, A. O., & Cordingley, L. (2008) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945907312979 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“William Stephenson (1935a) introduced the method in 1935, followed by additional publications (Stephenson, 1935b, 1936, 1953).”
MethodCuppen, E. H. W. J., Breukers, S., Hisschemoller, M., & Bergsma, E. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.005 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“Q methodology was developed originally in the 1930s as an innovative way to study people's subjectivity (Stephenson, 1935; Brown, 1980).”
MethodGruber, J. S. (2008) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9235-y · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Eccleston, C., Williams, A. C. D. C., & Rogers, W. S. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00404-2 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Silvius, G., Kampinga, M., Paniagua, S., & Mooi, H. G. (2017) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.01.011 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Yavchitz, A., Ravaud, P., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., Hrobjartsson, A., Lasserson, T., & Boutron, I. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.020 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Diversity and constructive conflict in stakeholder dialogue: considerations for design and methods
Cuppen, E. H. W. J. (2011) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11077-011-9141-7 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Q methodology (Stephenson 1935; Brown 1980; McKeown and Thomas 1988) was developed as a method to study subjectivity.”
MethodParent–Teacher Agreement on Children's Problems in 21 Societies
Rescorla, L. A., Bochicchio, L. A., Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., Almqvist, F., Begovac, I., Bilenberg, N., Bird, H., Dobrean, A., Erol, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.900719 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“correlation between the 90 mean CBCL item ratings and the 90 mean TRF item ratings within each society, based on the procedures pioneered by Stephenson (1935), whereby Pearson correlations are calculated between informants across items.”
MethodCounseling theory and practice.
Pepinsky, H. B., & Pepinsky, P. N. (1954) · doi:10.1037/10631-000 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Monaco, G. L., Piermattéo, A., Rateau, P., & Tavani, J. (2016) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12124 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“The characterization questionnaire is an adaptation of the Q. Sort method (Stephenson, 1935) to the study of the structural approach of SRs (Flament, 1981).”
MethodCuppen, E. H. W. J., Bosch-Rekveldt, M. G. C., Pikaar, E., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.01.003 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Originally developed for psychological research (Stephenson, 1935), Q methodology is gaining growing recognition and application in policy and planning investigations (Cuppen, Breukers, Hisschemöller, & Bergsma, 2010); (Ellis et al., 2007; Setiawan & Cuppen, 2013; Van Eeten, 2001; Wolsink &…”
MethodDistal focussing of perception: Size-constancy in a representative sample of situations.
Brunswik, E. (1944) · The Psychological Monographs · doi:10.1037/h0093505 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The stability of the self-concept in adolescence.
Engel, M. (1959) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043088 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
van Exel, J. N. A., Baker, R. M., Mason, H., Donaldson, C., & Brouwer, W. B. F. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.023 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Q methodology combines qualitative and quantitative methods and provides a scientific foundation for the systematic study of subjectivity (Stephenson, 1935; Brown, 1980; Watts & Stenner, 2012; McKeown & Thomas, 2013).”
MethodBrunswik, E. (1949) · Project Euclid (Cornell University) · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Examining Perceptions and Attitudes
Ho, G. W. K. (2016) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945916661302 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Q-methodology was developed by William Stephenson to empirically study human subjectivity (Stephenson, 1935), and it is based on the notion that subjectivity is both communicable and self-referent (McKeown & Thomas, 2013).”
MethodJedeloo, S., van Staa, A., Latour, J. M., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.10.006 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Q-methodology (Brown, 1980; Stephenson, 1935) was chosen because it allows identifying preference profiles of adolescents with a variety of chronic conditions sharing common viewpoints and to describe similarities and differences between these profiles.”
MethodProfiling Chinese university students’ motivation to learn multiple languages
Zheng, Y., Lu, X., & Ren, W. (2019) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1571074 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Lu, X., & Ren, W. (2020) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12672 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Swedeen, P. (2005) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.04.003 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
van Exel, J. N. A., de Graaf, G., & Brouwer, W. B. F. (2007) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.02.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Q-methodology and tourism research
Stergiou, D. P., & Airey, D. (2010) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2010.537316 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Now almost three quarters of a century old (Stephenson, 1935), Q-methodology can hardly lay claim to the status of a new method for conducting research in the social sciences.”
MethodSome observations on Q technique.
Stephenson, W. (1952) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0057171 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Q-sort method and the study of personality development.
Ozer, D. J. (1993) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10127-023 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Naspetti, S., Mandolesi, S., Buysse, J., Latvala, T., Nicholas, P., Padel, S., Loo, E. J. V., & Zanoli, R. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9101805 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Preliminary qualitative research using Q methodology [11,12] was aimed at identifying objectives and expectations along the dairy chain in terms of innovation, which resulted in the identification of various viewpoints in terms of acceptable innovations along the supply chain.”
MethodA Comparison between Major Factor Extraction and Factor Rotation Techniques in Q-Methodology
Akhtar‐Danesh, N. (2017) · Open Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.4236/ojapps.2017.74013 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Q-methodology was introduced in 1935 by Stephenson [2] [3] and is used to identify common attitudes, perceptions, preferences, and feelings among a group of participants.”
MethodNurse Faculty Perceptions of Simulation Use in Nursing Education
Akhtar‐Danesh, N., Baxter, P. E., Valaitis, R. K., Stanyon, W., & Sproul, S. (2008) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945908328264 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Simulated experiences: Nursing students share their perspectives
Baxter, P. E., Akhtar‐Danesh, N., Valaitis, R. K., Stanyon, W., & Sproul, S. (2009) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2009.05.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Rukai indigenous tourism: Representations, cultural identity and Q method
Hunter, W. C. (2010) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Statistical Methodology: VII. Q‐Methodology, a Structural Analytic Approach to Medical Subjectivity
Barbosa, J. C., Willoughby, P. J., Rosenberg, C. A., et al. (1998) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02786.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Service Quality in Higher Education: The Experience of Overseas Students
Pereda, M. (2007) · Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education · doi:10.3794/johlste.62.160 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Q-technique has its origins in the work of Stephenson (1935; 1953) and provides researchers with a systematic and orderly means for identifying the dimensions of subjective phenomena from the viewpoints and experiences of individuals.”
Methodvan Exel, J. N. A., de Graaf, G., & Brouwer, W. B. F. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.028 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
van Hooft, S. M., Dwarswaard, J., Jedeloo, S., Bal, R. A., & van Staa, A. (2014) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.07.004 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stakeholders’ perspectives on future electric vehicle charging infrastructure developments
Wolbertus, R., Jansen, S., & Kroesen, M. (2020) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2020.102610 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
What motivates visitors to participate in a gamified trip? A player typology using Q methodology
Shen, Y., Choi, H. C., Joppe, M., & Yi, S. (2020) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104074 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gaps or bridges in multicultural teacher education: A Q study of attitudes toward student diversity
Yang, Y., & Montgomery, D. M. (2012) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.10.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In contrast, embodying both qualitative and quantitative components, Q methodology has the power to effectively capture attitudes with its unobtrusive, person-based, and forced Q sorting distribution approach (Brown, 1980; Cross, 2005; Stephenson, 1935).”
BackgroundMethodUsing visual Q sorting to determine the impact of photovoltaic applications on the landscape
Naspetti, S., Mandolesi, S., & Zanoli, R. (2016) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.021 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Overly ambitious critics and the Medici Effect: a reply to Kampen and Tamás
Brown, S. R., Danielson, S., & van Exel, J. N. A. (2014) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-014-0007-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gender and Attachment Representations in the Preschool Years
Pierrehumbert, B., Santelices, M. P., Ibáñez, M., Alberdi, M., Ongari, B., Roskam, I., Stiévenart, M., Spencer, R., Fresno, A., & Borghini, A. (2009) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022109335181 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bohnenberger, K. (2020) · Journal of Housing and the Built Environment · doi:10.1007/s10901-020-09762-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The method was developed in the 1930s by William Stephenson as a variation of factor analysis (Stephenson 1935a, b).”
MethodPrincipal’s perceptions of effective professional development in schools
Brown, C., & Militello, M. (2016) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-09-2014-0109 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chauvin, A., Ravaud, P., Baron, G., Barnes, C., & Boutron, I. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0395-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Sorting tasks With Q-sort, participants classify the importance of each task relative to other tasks [23].”
MethodIntroduction to inverted factor analysis, with some applications to studies in orexis.
Stephenson, W. (1936) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0058705 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationDemocracy and Chinese Political Discourses
Peng, Y. (1998) · Modern China · doi:10.1177/009770049802400403 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A comparison between ipsative and normative ratings of personality.
Block, J. H. (1957) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044466 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Valaitis, R. K., Akhtar‐Danesh, N., Brooks, F. M., Binks, S., & Semogas, D. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05582.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
How affordances of chatbots cross the chasm between social and traditional enterprise systems
Stoeckli, E., Dremel, C., Uebernickel, F., & Brenner, W. (2020) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-019-00359-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“P-set recruitment procedure Q-Methodology studies are conducted with a relatively small number of participants (Stephenson 1935; Van Exel and De Graaf 2005) that is usually smaller than the Q-set of statements (Brouwer 1999) and that enables the comparison of the resulting factors with each another…”
MethodQfactor: A Command for Q-methodology Analysis
Akhtar‐Danesh, N. (2018) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x1801800209 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Debiasing the supplier selection decision: a taxonomy and conceptualization
Kaufmann, L., Carter, C. R., & Buhrmann, C. (2010) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/09600031011093214 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Perceptions of Professionalism Among Nursing Faculty and Nursing Students
Akhtar‐Danesh, N., Baumann, A. O., Kolotylo, C. J., et al. (2011) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945911408623 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Although Q-methodology was introduced in 1935 (Stephenson, 1935a, 1935b) and has been used sporadically since then, it is now becoming a more widely used and accepted research method because of the recent advances in its statistical analytic component (McKeown & Thomas, 1988).”
MethodThing constancy as measured by correlation coefficients.
Brunswik, E. (1940) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0057921 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Boot, C. R. L., Deeg, D. J. H., Abma, T., Rijs, K. J., van der Pas, S., van Tilburg, T. G., & van der Beek, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-013-9489-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“[6, 9, 23, 24].”
MethodGruber, J. (2011) · Conservation and Society · doi:10.4103/0972-4923.83725 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“This methodology was originally developed by William Stephenson (Stephenson 1935) in order to assess individuals’ priorities about an issue.”
MethodEducational Psychology: Using Insights from Implicit Attitude Measures
Glock, S., & Kovacs, C. (2013) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9241-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Another less commonly applied explicit attitude measurement method is Q sorting (Stephenson 1935).”
MethodWard, L. C. (2013) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.12.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Using Q Methodology in Administrative Ethics
de Graaf, G., & van Exel, J. N. A. (2008) · Public Integrity · doi:10.2753/pin1099-9922110104 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Stephenson (1935, 18–19) presented Q methodology as an inversion of conventional factor analysis in the sense that Q correlates persons instead of tests.”
BackgroundMethod“I can do perfectly well without a car!”
van Exel, J. N. A., de Graaf, G., & Rietveld, P. (2010) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-010-9315-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Q-methodology is perhaps fairly novel in transportation research, but it has been around for about 75 years (Stephenson 1935) and is well-established in the political and social sciences (De Graaf 2005; 2001; De Graaf and van Exel 2009; Durning 1999; Ellis et al. 2007; Niemeyer et al. 2005;…”
Niedziałkowski, K., Komar, E., Pietrzyk‐Kaszyńska, A., et al. (2017) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Q methodology is a research method proposed by William Stephenson (1935) to quantitatively study individuals' subjectivity.”
MethodBuljac‐Samardžić, M., Clark, M. A., van Exel, J. N. A., & van Wijngaarden, J. D. H. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13358 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Q‐methodology is particularly useful for the purpose of this study because it combines aspects of qualitative and quantitative methods for an in‐depth study of potentially complex and diverse subjective topics, such as patient perspectives.(39,40) The core of the data collection consists of respondents reading, evalua…”
MethodHow employment support and social integration programmes are viewed by the intellectually disabled
Cramm, J. M., Finkenflügel, H., Kuijsten, R., & van Exel, J. N. A. (2009) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01168.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Metaverse and tourism development: issues and opportunities in stakeholders’ perception
Fazio, G., Fricano, S., Iannolino, S., & Pirrone, C. (2023) · Information Technology & Tourism · doi:10.1007/s40558-023-00268-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Developed by William Stephenson in the 1930s (Stephenson 1935), Q-methodology was initially designed to investigate subjectivity (e.g., attitudes, viewpoints, perspectives, etc.) because it can provide a robust and efficient method to reveal consensus or disagreement among respondent.”
BackgroundMethodExploring IT entrepreneurs' dynamic capabilities using Q‐technique
Chang, C. (2012) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/02635571211264627 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Iofrıda, N., Luca, A. I. D., Gulısano, G., & Strano, A. (2018) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.020 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Understanding resident subjectivities toward tourism using Q method: Orchid Island, Taiwan
Hunter, W. C. (2012) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.685175 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“This study employs Q method, a qualitative technique used to identify the opinions, beliefs and attitudes that make up a social discourse (Barry & Proops, 1999; Stephenson, 1935).”
Methodvan Eijnatten, F. M., van der Ark, L. A., & Holloway, S. S. (2014) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-014-0009-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Since then, forced-choice, self-report questionnaire formats have been further developed (Stephenson 1935; Allport 1937; Cattell 1944), and used in all sorts of psychological testing: For instance, the measurement of personality (Gordon 1951; Johnson et al. 1988; Matthews and Oddy 1997; Bowen et…”
MethodEmerging Technologies of Text Mining: Techniques and Applications
do Prado, H. A., & Ferneda, E. (2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Impact of factor rotation on Q-methodology analysis
Akhtar‐Danesh, N. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290728 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Q-methodology was introduced by Stephenson in 1935 [10,11] as a research methodology and is used to identify shared and salient viewpoints among study participants.”
MethodParents’ perceptions and attitudes on childhood obesity: A Q‐methodology study
Akhtar‐Danesh, N., Dehghan, M., Morrison, K. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00584.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Although introduced in 1935 by Stephenson (Stephenson, 1935a, 1935b), Q-methodology has recently been more widely used as a result of advances in the statistical analysis component (McKeown & Thomas, 1988).”
MethodUnderstanding Science in Conservation: A Q Method Approach on the Galápagos Islands
Cairns, R. (2012) · Conservation and Society · doi:10.4103/0972-4923.101835 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A quasi-experimental evaluation of learning in a stakeholder dialogue on bio-energy
Cuppen, E. H. W. J. (2012) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.006 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Stakeholder perspectives on carbon capture and storage in Indonesia
Setiawan, A. D., & Cuppen, E. H. W. J. (2013) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.057 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Q-methodology as a research and design tool for HCI
O'Leary, K., Wobbrock, J. O., & Riskin, E. A. (2013) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2470654.2466256 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Stephenson [21,22], the inventor of Q-methodology, outlined three rules for ensuring statistical soundness in a Q-methodology research design that pertain to sampling population of the statements in the Q-set: (1) homogeneity in kind; (2) heterogeneity among items of a kind; and (3) subjectivity.”
MethodApplying Q-Methodology to Investigate People’ Preferences for Multivariate Stimuli
Gao, J., & Soranzo, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556509 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
van de Kerkhof, M., Cuppen, E. H. W. J., & Hisschemöller, M. (2008) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2008.07.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Implementation of the EU Nitrates Directive in the Republic of Ireland — A view from the farm
Buckley, C. (2012) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.02.031 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Q methodology was first pioneered by William Stephenson (1935) and encompasses a distinctive set of psychometric and operational principles that when combined with the statistical application of factor analysis provides the researcher with a systematic”
MethodFive Ways to Make a Difference: Perceptions of Practitioners Working in Urban Neighborhoods
Durose, C., van Hulst, M., Jeffares, S., et al. (2015) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12502 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Johnson, E. Z. (1952) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(195207)8:3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationBogat, G. A., von Eye, A., & Bergman, L. R. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy118 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Alexithymia and Psychopathy: Comparison and Application of California Q-set Prototypes
Haviland, M. G., Sonne, J. L., & Kowert, P. A. (2004) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_06 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“, “R”) methodology one would then seek correlations among test items administered to the sample population, the objective with Q-methodology, as its earliest proponent (Stephenson, 1935) put it, is to seek correlations among “persons rather than tests” (also see Allport, 1937, 1962).”
MethodAttitudes towards oral health among parents of 6‐year‐old children at risk of developing caries
Vermaire, J. H., Hoogstraten, J., van Loveren, C., Poorterman, J. H. G., & van Exel, J. N. A. (2010) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00558.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Q-methodology originated in the 1930s (Stephenson, 1935)1 and many of its studies have been published in the fields of social and political science.”
MethodEffective Retention Strategies for Midcareer Critical Care Nurses
Lobo, V. M., Fisher, A., Baumann, A. O., et al. (2012) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0b013e31825b69b1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Q methodology was first introduced in 1935 by Stephenson but has been embraced more widely only in recent decades because of the advances in the statistical analysis component of the method (McKeown & Thomas, 1988; Stephenson, 1935).”
MethodWallenburg, I., van Exel, J. N. A., Stolk, E. A., et al. (2010) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181dc1f0f · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Boot, C. R. L., van Exel, N. J. A., & van der Gulden, J. W. J. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-009-9185-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“By ranking the statements people give their subjective meaning to the Q-set, and thus reveal their subjective viewpoint [23].”
BackgroundBijnsdorp, F. M., Pasman, H. R. W., Boot, C. R. L., van Hooft, S. M., van Staa, A., & Francke, A. L. (2020) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-020-00560-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cramm, J. M., van Exel, J. N. A., Møller, V., & Finkenflügel, H. (2010) · Patient · doi:10.2165/11531900-000000000-00000 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Valaitis, R. K., Akhtar‐Danesh, N., Eva, K. W., et al. (2007) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9.5.e39 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mandolesi, S., Nicholas, P., Naspetti, S., et al. (2015) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.04.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A factorial study of emotionality in the dog.
Royce, J. R. (1955) · The Psychological Monographs · doi:10.1037/h0093736 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The vulnerability of mussel aquaculture: Understanding environmental threats and future directions
Soliño, M., & Figueras, A. J. (2025) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.742196 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Reconceptualizing Intuition in Supply Chain Management
Carter, C. R., Kaufmann, L., & Wagner, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Business Logistics · doi:10.1111/jbl.12154 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A Q‐methodological study of lesbian identities
Kitzinger, C., & Rogers, R. S. (1985) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150204 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Where "Does" the Buck Stop?: Assessing the Impact of Presidential Personality
Kowert, P. A. (1996) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791963 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Godor, B. P. (2021) · The Teacher Educator · doi:10.1080/08878730.2020.1785068 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Q Methodology, as outlined by Stephenson (1935), aims at exploring “correlating persons instead of tests (1935, p. 17).””
MethodUnderstanding stakeholder preferences for future biogas development in Germany
Venus, T. E., Venus, T. E., Strauss, F., et al. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105704 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kraijo, H., Brouwer, W. B. F., de Leeuw, R., Schrijvers, G., & van Exel, J. N. A. (2011) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301211421261 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“This type of research is relatively new to the field of health care but has been widely used in other areas of policy research during the last 70 years (Stephenson, 1935; Brown, 1980; 1993).”
Method
- Authors
- STEPHENSON, W.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- STEPHENSON, W.
- ORCID
- STEPHENSON, W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1935-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-24
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2028674112
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- person-centered approach, personality assessment
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