Cited by 234Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyMental Health Research Topics

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Structures of Personality and Their Relevance to Psychopathology: II. Further Articulation of a Comprehensive Unified Trait Structure

Watson, David, Clark, Lee Anna, Chmielewski, Michael·2008·Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00531.x

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Abstract

ABSTRACT There is increasing agreement that the current categorical system of personality disorders (PDs) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM‐IV ; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) should be replaced by a trait dimensional scheme in DSM‐V . In particular, the consensus appears to be converging on a hierarchical Big Four model. The broad factors that form the apex of this hierarchy are essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness. We argue that this Big Four model is incomplete, however, in that it fails to model characteristics related to the “odd or eccentric” Cluster A PDs adequately. We report the results of three studies that examine these odd, eccentric characteristics in relation to basic dimensions of normal and abnormal personality. The results of these studies establish the existence of an Oddity factor that is (a) broader than the Cluster A traits and (b) distinct from Openness and the other Big Five dimensions. Consequently, its addition yields an alternative five‐factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics.

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MethodSelf-citation
The Role of Dimensional Personality Psychopathology in a Forensic Inpatient Psychiatric Setting
Anderson, J. L., Wood, M. E., Tarescavage, A. M., Burchett, D. L., & Glassmire, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_301 · Cited by 9
“…of the categorical model, and in an effort to make our diagnostic system more consistent with empirical research, many researchers have called for a dimensional model for personality psychopathology assessment and diagnosis (e.g., Clark, 2007; Watson et al., 2008; Widiger & Mullins-Sweatt, 2010).”
Obtaining and losing the bipolarity of the five-factor model through factor analysis.
Crego, C., Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000378 · Cited by 10
Cluster A Personality Symptomatology in Youth
Widiger, T. A. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9204-7 · Cited by 10
“An additional study has suggested that this fifth factor would not align with FFM openness or with HiPIC imagination, finding instead that two separate factors emerge, one concerning normal openness to experience and the other concerning maladaptive traits of peculiarity (Watson et al. 2008).”
Background
Can the “Shotgun Wedding” of Openness and Psychoticism Be Justified Based on Apophenia as the Disposition to Commit False-Positive Errors?
Knežević, G., Kušić, M., Lukić, P., Lazarević, L. B., & Keller, J. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000580 · Cited by 10
An Examination of the Higher-Order Structure of Psychopathology and Its Relationship to Personality
Uliaszek, A. A., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2015_29_183 · Cited by 8
Dynamic of Change in Pathological Personality Trait Dimensions: A Latent Change Analysis Among at-Risk Women
Barbot, B., Hunter, S. R., Grigorenko, E. L., & Luthar, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9331-4 · Cited by 8
“Longitudinal evidence from clinical and non-clinical samples has revealed that individual change in pathology personality traits occurs for individuals both in- and out-of-treatment, and these changes differ considerably across individuals (Johnson et al. 2000; Lenzenweger et al. 2004; Watson et al. 2008).”
Background
PTSD and depressive symptoms are linked to DHEAS via personality
Savić, D., Knežević, G., Matić, G. M., & Damjanovic, S. S. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.017 · Cited by 8
Further evidence for the fifth higher trait of personality pathology: A correlation study using normal and disordered personality measures
Chai, H., Xu, S., Zhu, J., Chen, W., Xu, Y., He, W., & Wang, W. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.019 · Cited by 8
Stress-induced dissociation in the trajectory of schizotypal personality disorder (on the model of nosogenias in oncologic patients)
Ab, S., Иванов, С. В., Miasnikova, L. K., Dvoĭnikov, S. I., & Алексеевна, И. Н. (2014) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201411412112-22 · Cited by 9
The Relationship Evaluation Process scale: A multidimensional measure of how people assess the quality of their romantic relationships
Buckingham, J. T., Yamkovenko, B., Boring, B. L., Andrade, F. C., & Iafolla, C. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519833798 · Cited by 8
“As found in Wayment and Campbell’s (2000) studies, participants reported greater use of personal standards than other REPs.”
Background
Personality and the Social Environment: Contributions to Psychological Adjustment Among Asian and Euro American Students
Lui, P. P., Vidales, C. A., & Rollock, D. (2018) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2018.37.9.659 · Cited by 6
Exploring a paradox: Psychopathy, Morality and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour
Kirrane, M., Farqan, A., & Cloak, E. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05736-6 · Cited by 11
“It supports research findings that people with higher levels of disinhibition are weak in the ability to engage in self-regulation in the service of others or behave in a responsible, proactive and conscientious manner (Watson et al., 2008).”
Personality Derailers: Where Do We Go From Here?
Foster, J. L., & Gaddis, B. H. (2014) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12124 · Cited by 6
Core Features of Personality Disorder: Differentiating General Personality Dysfunctioning from Personality Traits
Berghuis, H., Kamphuis, J. H., & Verheul, R. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_028 · Cited by 6
Conceptualization of psychosocial functioning
Ro, E. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.zt9xqc3o · Cited by 6
“…reliability, convergent and discriminate validity) (Watson et al., 2007) and has incremental validity over the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1990) for DSM-IV diagnoses (e.g., major depression, GAD, PTSD) (Watson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Convergent and Concurrent Validity of Trait-Based Prototype Assessment of Personality Disorder Categories in Homeless Persons
Samuel, D. B., Connolly, A. J., & Ball, S. A. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112444461 · Cited by 5
Disintegration predicts problem alcohol and drug use, quality of life, and experience in close relationships over the Big Five and HEXACO personality traits
Nedeljković, B., & Topalović, N. (2023) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.v16i2.2462 · Cited by 5
Clinician Perspectives of Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders Using DSM-5 Section III Dimensional Personality Traits
Anderson, J. L., Sellbom, M., & Shealy, R. C. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_298 · Cited by 4
A conceptual dismantling of the Five Factor Form: Lexical support for the bipolarity of maladaptive personality structure
Rojas, S. L., Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.04.011 · Cited by 4
Associations of Multiple Measures of Openness to Experience with a Brief Questionnaire of Positive, Negative, and Disorganized Schizotypy
Kemp, K. C., Raulin, M. L., Burgin, C. J., Barrantes‐Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2021) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000348 · Cited by 4
Predicting Personality Disorder Functioning Styles by the Five-Factor Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire in Healthy Volunteers and Personality Disorder Patients
Gao, Q., Ma, G., Zhu, Q., Fan, H., & Wang, W. (2016) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000443838 · Cited by 4
WHY WAS EMIL KRAEPELIN NOT RECOGNIZED AS A PSYCHOLOGIST?; pp. 369–391
Allïk, J. (2016) · Trames Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.3176/tr.2016.4.04 · Cited by 7
Proneness to psychotic-like experiences as a basic personality trait complementing the HEXACO model - A preregistered cross-national studyPreprint
Lazarević, L. B., Knežević, G., Bošnjak, M., & Keller, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nh7mz · Cited by 4
A general factor of personality in a sample of inmates: Associations with indicators of life-history strategy and covitality
Međedović, J. M., & Kujačić, D. (2016) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi160513004m · Cited by 3
Coping, (mal)adaptive personality and identity in young adults: A network analysis
der Hallen, R. V., Pauw, S. S. W. D., & Prinzie, P. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000020 · Cited by 5
Experiential permeability: Associations with schizotypy and related symptoms
Tan, C. S., Ng, B. H. H., Chin, S. S. R., Chua, C., & Hong, R. Y. S. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.031 · Cited by 3
“Facets of positive schizotypy (e.g., eccentricity, usual beliefs and experiences) are positively associated with openness whereas facets of negative schizotypy (e.g., social anhedonia and anxiety) are negatively associated with openness (Chmielewski & Watson, 2008; Ross et al., 2002).”
Background
Conceptualizing Youth BPD Within an MMPI-A Framework
Sellbom, M., & Jarrett, M. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0591-1_6 · Cited by 3
General Personality Disorder: A study into the core components of personality pathology
Berghuis, H. (2014) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 3
Personality Theory and Psychopathology
Walton, K. E., & Pavlos, S. R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25031-9 · Cited by 5
Empirical testing of the relation between six-dimensional model of personality and categorical model of personality disorders
Šaula-Marojević, B. (2012) · doi:10.2298/bg20120918saulamarojevic · Cited by 3
A Re-Evaluation of the Utility of Symptom Checklist-90-Revised for Measuring the Spectra in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology
Gomez, R., Zarate, D., Brown, T., & Stavropoulos, V. (2024) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric16040093 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, existing data do not support the view that psychoticism in the dimensional trait model of psychopathology is equivalent to openness in normal personality [13–15].”
Experimental Manipulation of the BFI-2, IPIP-NEO-120, and the IPC-5
Smith, M. M., McCabe, G. A., & Widiger, T. A. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221107622 · Cited by 2
“It is understandable that preference is for one of the traditional FFM measures, such as the BFI-2, IPIP-NEO, or the IPC-5, as is evident from the studies of Czajkowski et al. (2018), Watson et al. (2008, 2013), and others.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Classification in Traditional Nosologies
Keeley, J. W., Chung, L., & Kleva, C. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197542521.003.0001 · Cited by 2
The HEXACO–Disintegration (HEXACOD) Personality Model in Early and Late Adolescence
Lazarević, L. B., Pfattheicher, S., Krstić, K., Ścigała, K. A., & Knežević, G. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000579 · Cited by 2

Authors: Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Chmielewski, M.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
Corresponding author: Watson, David
ORCID: Watson, David
Clark, Lee Anna
Chmielewski, Michael
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-10-29
Volume: 76
Issue: 6
Pages: 1545-1586
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
1467-6494
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00531.x
OpenAlex: W1898515047
Cited by: 234
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 21.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: personality structure, personality disorders, Big Five personality traits, Cluster A personality disorders, openness to experience, psychopathology
MeSH terms: Adult, Community Participation, Emotions, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Iowa, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Neurotic Disorders, Personality, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychopathology, Students, Universities, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult

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Structures of Personality and Their Relevance to Psychopathology: II. Further Articulation of a Comprehensive Unified Trait Structure

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