Metatraits of the Big Five Differentially Predict Engagement and Restraint of Behavior
Abstract
Although initially believed to contain orthogonal dimensions, the Big Five personality taxonomy appears to have a replicable higher-order structure, with the metatrait of Plasticity reflecting the shared variance between Extraversion and Openness/Intellect, and the metatrait of Stability reflecting the shared variance among Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. These higher order traits have been theorized to relate to individual differences in the functioning of the dopamine and serotonin systems, respectively. As dopamine is associated with exploration and incentive-related action, and serotonin with satiety and constraint, this neuropharmacological trait theory has behavioral implications, which we tested in 307 adults by examining the association of a large number of behavioral acts with multi-informant reports of the metatraits. The frequencies of acts were consistently positively correlated with Plasticity and negatively correlated with Stability. At the broadest level of description, variation in human personality appears to reflect engagement and restraint of behavior.
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Agreeableness is correlated with a lower incidence of words referring to negative emotions and anger.
“while agreeableness is correlated with a lower incidence of words referring to negative emotions and anger (Hirsh & Peterson, 2009;Pennebaker & King, 1999).”
From The Role of Personality in Language Learning (2026) · cites this paper as Hirsh & Peterson, 2009
Extraversion has been linked to the use of certain categories of words in social contexts.
“Extraversion has been linked to the use of certain categories of words in social contexts (Hirsh et al., 2009).”
From The Role of Personality in Language Learning (2026) · cites this paper as Hirsh et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Hirsh, J. B., DeYoung, C. G., & Peterson, J. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hirsh, Jacob B.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1085-1102
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2005494435
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- Big Five personality traits, extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, dopamine, serotonin, behavioral engagement, behavioral restraint, personality and behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Extraversion, Psychological, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Introversion, Psychological, Male, Personality, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Environment, Reproducibility of Results
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