From the Cradle to the Grave: Age Differences in Attachment From Early Adulthood to Old Age

Chopik, William J.; Edelstein, Robin S.; Fraley, R. Chris

doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00793.x

Cited by 199Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPersonality Traits and PsychologyAging and Gerontology Research

From the Cradle to the Grave: Age Differences in Attachment From Early Adulthood to Old Age

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Chopik, William J., Edelstein, Robin S., Fraley, R. Chris·2013·Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00793.x

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Abstract

Objective: Although attachment dynamics are thought to be important across the life span, relatively few studies have examined attachment processes beyond young adulthood. Extant research on age differences in attachment orientation has yielded conflicting results and interpretations. The purpose of this study was to provide a more complete picture of age‐related differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance. Method: We examined attachment anxiety and avoidance in 86,555 Internet respondents (71.8% female) ranging in age from 18 to 70. Results: We found that attachment anxiety was highest among younger adults and lowest among middle‐aged and older adults. Attachment avoidance showed less dramatic age differences overall but was highest among middle‐aged adults and lowest among younger and older adults. In addition, partnered individuals reported lower levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to single individuals, particularly in younger and older adulthood. Women also reported slightly higher anxiety and avoidance compared to men, especially in young adulthood. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in the context of life span changes in social roles, normative personality development, and emotion regulation throughout adulthood.

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Attachment anxiety tends to be higher in younger adults compared to older adults, and avoidance tends to be higher in middle-aged adults compared to younger adults.
“In general, it is well established that attachment style differs with age, particularly in early adulthood, such that anxiety tends to be higher in younger adults compared to older adults and avoidance tends to be higher in middle-aged adults compared to younger adults [17,18].”
From Exploring the Association between Attachment Style, Psychological Well-Being, and Relationship Status in Young Adults and Adults—A Cross-Sectional Study (2023) · cites this paper as [17]

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Age differences in attachment and expressivity of social partners
(n.d.) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University)

Authors: Chopik, W. J., Edelstein, R. S., & Fraley, R. C.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Chopik, William J.
ORCID: Chopik, William J.
Edelstein, Robin S.
Fraley, R. Chris
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-02-05
Volume: 81
Issue: 2
Pages: 171-183
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
1467-6494
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00793.x
OpenAlex: W2108617246
Cited by: 199
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 13.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, attachment orientation, age differences, lifespan development, midlife, older adults, early adulthood, marital status, gender differences, emotion regulation, social roles
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Anxiety, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Psychometrics

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From the Cradle to the Grave: Age Differences in Attachment From Early Adulthood to Old Age

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