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A comparison of direct vs. self‐report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review
Abstract
Summary: Obesity is a rapidly increasing public health problem, with surveillance most often based on self‐reported values of height and weight. We conducted a systematic review to determine what empirical evidence exists regarding the agreement between objective (measured) and subjective (reported) measures in assessing height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Five electronic databases were searched to identify observational and experimental studies on adult populations over the age of 18. Searching identified 64 citations that met the eligibility criteria and examined the relationship between self‐reported and directly measured height or weight. Overall, the data show trends of under‐reporting for weight and BMI and over‐reporting for height, although the degree of the trend varies for men and women and the characteristics of the population being examined. Standard deviations were large indicating that there is a great deal of individual variability in reporting of results. Combining the results quantitatively was not possible because of the poor reporting of outcomes of interest. Accurate estimation of these variables is important as data from population studies such as those included in this review are often used to generate regional and national estimates of overweight and obesity and are in turn used by decision makers to allocate resources and set priorities in health.
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“Weight and height were measured by well-trained research staffs which limit the possibility of bias that often occurs with self-report (Gorber et al., 2007).”
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“In addition to the above-cited research, there are a number of other studies that evaluate the validity of self-reported height and its individual-level correlates (Elgar et al., 2005; Gorber et al., 2007; Nakamura et al., 1999; Niedhammer et al., 2000; Shin et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2010), but to our knowledge none…”
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“2004), although there is a tendency for self-report to result in a relatively small overestimation of BMI (Gorber et al. 2007).”
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“In comparison with direct measures of anthropometric data, self-reported weight and BMI usually tend to be underestimated, whereas height tends to be overestimated (Gorber et al., 2007), especially in case of overweight or obesity (Ciarapica et al., 2010).”
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“However, studies conducted in non-veteran populations have suggested that the reliability and validity of self-reported information about height and weight obtained in large-scale epidemiologic studies are reasonably good [24].”
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“9) [30] and generally considered an appropriate method for epidemiological studies where objective measurement is less feasible.”
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“First, paternal height and the weights of both parents were self-reported and are therefore subject to bias.(33) However, BMI based on self-reported measurements may be sufficiently accurate for epidemiological Ta b le 7.”
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“However, men tend to overestimate their height, and women are more likely to underestimate their weight [19].”
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“777 Connor Gorber S, Tremblay M, Moher D and Gorber B (2007) A Comparison of Direct vs. 778 Self Report Measures for Assessing Height, Weight and Body Mass Index: A 779 Systematic Review.”
BackgroundEnd-digits preference for self-reported height depends on language
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Impact of Body Mass Index on Prognostically Relevant Breast Cancer Tumor Characteristics
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Educational Differences in Obesity in the United States: A Closer Look at the Trends
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Restaurant foods, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and obesity risk among young African American women.
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Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study, China
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“However, this collection method is widely used in epidemiological studies (Gorber et al., 2007) and validated for Brazilian adults, despite its tendency to underestimate weight and overestimate height (Fonseca et al.”
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“Self-reported measures are problematic in that they tend to underestimate levels of obesity and overweight [6].”
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“found that self-reported BMI is often underreported, and one American study indicated that underestimation of prevalence of overweight or obesity based on self-reported height and weight varies among ethnic groups [22,23].”
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“Recent studies have reported that approximately 62% of Australians [1] and 68% of Americans [2] have a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 25 kg/m2.”
BackgroundInfluentialComparison of Job Stress and Obesity in Nurses With Favorable and Unfavorable Work Schedules
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Effect of including historical height and radius BMD measurement on sarco‐osteoporosis prevalence
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“[62, 63] Despite this, self-reported height loss has apparent clinical applicability and, importantly, predicts clinical outcomes including vertebral fractures, mortality and morbidity [62, 64, 65].”
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“They are easy to collect and involve lower costs and fewer logistical problems [6].”
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Considerations in the use of different spirometers in epidemiological studies
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What are the correlates of body image distortion and dissatisfaction among school-adolescents?
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Jahnke, S., Schmidt, A. F., Klöckner, A., & Hoyer, J. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02228-w · Cited by 29
“The tendency of men to over-report their height is well-documented (Gorber et al., 2007), and pedophilic and teleiophilic men who have committed sexual offenses are no exception to this rule: Fazio et al.”
BackgroundCorrelates of eating disorder pathology in Saudi Arabia: BMI and body dissatisfaction
Melisse, B., Blankers, M., de Beurs, E., & van Furth, E. F. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00652-4 · Cited by 29
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorber, S. C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D., & Gorber, B.
- Affiliations
- Statistics Canada (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Gorber, S. Connor
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-01-26
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-326
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2011137594
- Cited by
- 1,945
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- self-reported height, self-reported weight, body mass index, obesity surveillance, measurement agreement, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Height, Body Weight, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Self Disclosure, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Sex Distribution
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