Cited by 1,945Obesity, Physical Activity, DietBody Composition Measurement TechniquesReliability and Agreement in Measurement

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A comparison of direct vs. self‐report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review

Gorber, S. Connor, Tremblay, M., Moher, D., Gorber, B.·2007·Obesity Reviews

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00347.x

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Abstract

Summary: Obesity is a rapidly increasing public health problem, with surveillance most often based on self‐reported values of height and weight. We conducted a systematic review to determine what empirical evidence exists regarding the agreement between objective (measured) and subjective (reported) measures in assessing height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Five electronic databases were searched to identify observational and experimental studies on adult populations over the age of 18. Searching identified 64 citations that met the eligibility criteria and examined the relationship between self‐reported and directly measured height or weight. Overall, the data show trends of under‐reporting for weight and BMI and over‐reporting for height, although the degree of the trend varies for men and women and the characteristics of the population being examined. Standard deviations were large indicating that there is a great deal of individual variability in reporting of results. Combining the results quantitatively was not possible because of the poor reporting of outcomes of interest. Accurate estimation of these variables is important as data from population studies such as those included in this review are often used to generate regional and national estimates of overweight and obesity and are in turn used by decision makers to allocate resources and set priorities in health.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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“The general results concur with previous literature that has shown an overestimation of height in both men and women and an underestimation of weight in all women and heavier men (Connor Gorber et al., 2007; Nieto-Garcia et al., 1990; Shields et al., 2008, 2011; Villanueva, 2001).”
Result
Access to Primary Care in US Counties Is Associated with Lower Obesity Rates
Gaglioti, A. H., Petterson, S., Bazemore, A., & Phillips, R. L. (2016) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2016.02.150356 · Cited by 21
Associations Between Perceived Weight Status, Body Dissatisfaction, and Self-Objectification on Sexual Sensation Seeking and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Using Grindr
Goedel, W. C., Krebs, P. M., Greene, R. E., & Duncan, D. T. (2016) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2015.1121130 · Cited by 21
Black patients with binge-eating disorder: Comparison of different assessment methods.
Lydecker, J. A., White, M. A., & Grilo, C. M. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000246 · Cited by 21
Accumulated exposure to rural areas of residence over the life course is associated with overweight and obesity in adulthood: a 25-year prospective cohort study
Patterson, K. A. E., Gall, S., Venn, A., Otáhal, P., Blizzard, L., Dwyer, T., & Cleland, V. J. (2017) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.01.007 · Cited by 21
Evaluation of Worksite Wellness Nutrition and Physical Activity Programs and Their Subsequent Impact on Participants’ Body Composition
Sandercock, V., & Andrade, J. (2018) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2018/1035871 · Cited by 21
“I’m actually pretty happy with how I am”: a mixed-methods study of young women with positive body image
Poulter, P. I., & Treharne, G. J. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1820008 · Cited by 21
“This method has been criticised previously, as it has been reported that women tend to overestimate their height and underestimate their weight (Gorber et al., 2007).”
Method
What moves the nonmovers? Reasons for inactivity and physical activity interests of individuals with a sedentary lifestyle.
Rütten, A., Abu‐Omar, K., Meierjürgen, R., Lutz, A., & Adlwarth, W. (2009) · Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung · Cited by 21
Consistência entre medidas antropométricas em inquéritos nacionais
Conde, W. L., Oliveira, D. R., Borges, C. A., & Baraldi, L. G. (2013) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102013000100010 · Cited by 21
Validity of self-measured waist and hip circumferences: results from a community study in Malaysia
Reidpath, D. D., Cheah, J., Lam, F.-C., Yasin, S., Soyiri, I. N., & Allotey, P. A. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-135 · Cited by 21
“In large epidemiological studies measuring adiposity almost always relies on proxy measures such as the body mass index (BMI) [8].”
Background
The Association Between Adiposity and Inpatient Hospital Costs in the UK Biobank Cohort
Dixon, P., Smith, G. D., & Hollingworth, W. (2018) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-018-0450-2 · Cited by 21
Is Laxative Misuse Associated with Binge Eating? Examination of Laxative Misuse among Individuals Seeking Treatment for Eating Disorders
Elran-Barak, R., Goldschmidt, A. B., Crow, S., Peterson, C., Hill, L. L., Crosby, R., Mitchell, J., & Grange, D. L. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22745 · Cited by 17
Obesity and sickness absence: results from a longitudinal nationally representative sample from Germany
Reber, K. C., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019839 · Cited by 20
Discrimination and stigma among people with type 2 diabetes in the workplace: prejudice against illness or obesity?
Olesen, K., Cleal, B. R., & Willaing, I. (2019) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.11.009 · Cited by 20
Factors Accounting for Obesity and Its Perception among the Adult Spanish Population: Data from 1,000 Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews
Lecube, A., Sánchez, E., Monereo, S., Medina‐Gómez, G., Bellido, D., García‐Almeida, J. M., de Icaya, P. M., Malagón, M. M., Goday, A., Tinahones, F. J., et al. (2020) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000508111 · Cited by 20
Causal relations between body-mass index, self-rated health and active travel: An empirical study based on longitudinal data
de Haas, M., Kroesen, M., Chorus, C. G., Hoogendoorn-Lanser, S., & Hoogendoorn, S. P. (2021) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2021.101113 · Cited by 22
“Earlier research has shown that people tend to report a greater body height and lower body weight when working with self-reported measures (Gorber et al., 2007).”
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Street Foods Purchased by Customers in Urban Areas of Central Asia
Sousa, S., de Morais, I. L., Albuquerque, G., Gelormini, M., Casal, S. I. P., Pinho, O., Motta, C., Damasceno, A., Moreira, P. A. M., Breda, J., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103651 · Cited by 20
“Self-report of height and weight has been extensively used; however, under-reporting of weight and over-reporting of height, leading to under-estimation of body mass index, have been documented [50].”
Background
Relationship between hunger, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and plasma HIV RNA suppression among HIV-positive illicit drug users in a Canadian setting
Anema, A., Kerr, T. H., Milloy, M., Feng, C. X., Montaner, J. S. G., & Wood, E. (2013) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.832724 · Cited by 20
Healthcare utilization of overweight and obese Europeans aged 50–79 years
Peytremann‐Bridevaux, I., & Santos‐Eggimann, B. (2007) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-007-0103-7 · Cited by 20
Ten-year trends in overweight and obesity in the adult Portuguese population, 1995 to 2005
Marques-Vidal, P. M., Paccaud, F. M., & Ravasco, P. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-772 · Cited by 20
“The proposed corrections are within the values reported in a review of the literature [24].”
Result
Factors influencing women’s choice of weight-loss diet
Calder, R. K., & Mussap, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315573435 · Cited by 22
Weight loss in pregnancy and cardiometabolic profile in childhood: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort
Grooten, I. J., Painter, R. C., Pontesilli, M., van der Post, J., Mol, B. W., van Eijsden, M., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., & Roseboom, T. J. (2014) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13042 · Cited by 20
Associations between VO2maxand vitality in older workers: a cross-sectional study
Strijk, J. E., Proper, K. I., Klaver, L., van der Beek, A. J., & van Mechelen, W. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-684 · Cited by 21
Strengthening the rigour of population-wide, community-based obesity prevention evaluations
Wolfenden, L., & Wiggers, J. H. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980012004958 · Cited by 20
“Given the limitations of self-reported measures of weight status((67)) and the potential for such reports to be reactive to assessment((23)), objective measures”
A qualitative study of factors related to cardiometabolic risk in rural men
Morgan, E. H., Graham, M. L., Folta, S. C., & Seguin‐Fowler, R. A. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2977-1 · Cited by 20
“In addition, the screening tool relied on self-report measures of weight, height, and physical activity, and research suggests men tend to under-report weight and overreport height [34] and adults tend to overestimate physical activity [35].”
Method
The Association Between Body Dissatisfaction and Depression: An Examination of the Moderating Effects of Gender, Age, and Weight Status in a Sample of Chinese Adolescents
Chen, G., Guo, G., Gong, J., & Xiao, S. (2015) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1017/jgc.2015.6 · Cited by 20
“A systematic review by Connor, Tremblay, Moher, and Gorber (2007) reported that adolescents tend to under-report their weight and over-report their height.”
Background
Measuring and tracking obesity inequality in the United States: evidence from NHANES, 1971-2014
Pak, T., Ferreira, S., & Colson, G. (2016) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0081-5 · Cited by 20
“This is an attractive feature of the data because self-reports of height and weight tend to be biased, leading to an underestimate of BMI [27–29].”
Background
Relationships between self-reported asthma and pulmonary function and various measures of obesity
Myung, J.-E., Lee, H., Kim, T. H., & Han, E. (2017) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2017.1362701 · Cited by 20
“Misclassification of obesity based on self-reported measurements of BMI or waist circumference is a major concern for epidemiological studies [51, 52].”
Background
Sex differences in the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain function in older adulthood
Dimech, C. J., Anderson, J. A. E., Lockrow, A. W., Spreng, R. N., & Turner, G. R. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01046.2018 · Cited by 21
“Although the information was gathered as part of the MRI safety protocol, in which it would be in the participant’s interest to provide an accurate report, a sex-dependent bias in reporting these measures is possible (15a).”
Reproductive factors and risk of total knee replacement due to severe knee osteoarthritis in women, the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Leung, Y. Y., Talaei, M., Ang, L. W., Yuan, J., & Koh, W.-P. (2019) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2019.03.002 · Cited by 20
Greater body appreciation moderates the association between maladaptive attentional biases and body dissatisfaction in undergraduate women
Tobin, L. N., Barron, A. H., Sears, C. R., & von Ranson, K. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719838937 · Cited by 20
A National Survey of Social Justice Engagement Among Professional Counselors
Na, G., & Fietzer, A. W. (2020) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12326 · Cited by 20
BMI Change Patterns and Disability Development of Middle-aged Adults with Diabetes: A Dual Trajectory Modeling Approach
Chiu, C., Wray, L. A., Lu, F., & Beverly, E. A. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2399-z · Cited by 20
Patients' perceptions of a pharmacist-managed weight management clinic in a community setting
O’Neal, K. S., & Crosby, K. M. (2012) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.04.002 · Cited by 20
Relationship between body mass index and moral disapproval rating for ethical violations
Vicario, C. M., & Rafal, R. D. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.027 · Cited by 20
Self-Reported Health Risks Linked to Health Plan Cost and Age Group
Hill, R. K., Thompson, J. W., Shaw, J. L., Pinidiya, S. D., & Card-Higginson, P. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.034 · Cited by 21
Body Composition and Wages
Wada, R., & Tekin, E. (2007) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13595 · Cited by 21
Is overweight and class I obesity associated with increased health claims costs?
Østbye, T., Stroo, M., Eisenstein, E. L., Peterson, B. L., & Dement, J. M. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20669 · Cited by 19
The measurement of maternal obesity: can we do better?
Turner, M. J. (2011) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/j.1758-8111.2011.00024.x · Cited by 19
“height, and thus underestimation of BMI (19).”
Physical activity, walking and leanness: An analysis of the Northern Ireland Sport and Physical Activity Survey (SAPAS)
MURPHY, M. H., Donnelly, P., Shibli, S., Foster, C. E., & Nevill, A. M. (2011) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.008 · Cited by 19
Trait impulsivity and body mass index: A cross-sectional investigation in 3073 individuals reveals positive, but very small relationships
Meule, A., & Jens Blechert, A. (2016) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102916659164 · Cited by 19
“It is known that self-reported body height and weight is biased, with height being overestimated and weight being underestimated (Connor Gorber et al., 2007).”
Background
Lifestyle behaviours or socioeconomic characteristics? Gender differences in covariates of BMI in Hungary
Jarosz, E. (2018) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.316 · Cited by 20
“Younger respondents were excluded due to the low number of cases and the fact that there are issues with BMI estimates for children and adolescents (39).”
Background
Time-trend in excess weight in Brazilian adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kodaira, K., Abe, F. C., Galvão, T. F., & Silva, M. T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257755 · Cited by 19
A longitudinal examination of objective neighborhood walkability, body mass index, and waist circumference: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study
Lang, I.-M., Antonakos, C. L., Judd, S. E., & Colabianchi, N. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01247-7 · Cited by 22
Educational inequalities in mortality and associated risk factors: German- versus French-speaking Switzerland
Faeh, D., Bopp, M., & Swiss National Cohort Study Group (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-567 · Cited by 19
“In addition to alcohol consumption, self-rated health as well as reporting height and weight (influencing obesity prevalence) may vary strongly between cultures [39,42].”
Background
Dietary Quality and 6-Year Anthropometric Changes in a Sample of French Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults
Assmann, K. E., Lassale, C. M., Galan, P., Herçberg, S., & Kesse‐Guyot, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087083 · Cited by 19
“Important strengths of the present study include its prospective design and the high quality of anthropometric and dietary data: Anthropometric measurements were not self-reported but conducted in a standardized manner by trained technicians, strengthening their accuracy [51].”

Authors: Gorber, S. C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D., & Gorber, B.
Affiliations: Statistics Canada (CA)
University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Gorber, S. Connor
ORCID: Gorber, S. Connor
Tremblay, M.
Moher, D.
Venue: Obesity Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2007-01-26
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 307-326
ISSN: 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
1467-789X
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00347.x
OpenAlex: W2011137594
Cited by: 1,945
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
FWCI: 11.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Keywords: self-reported height, self-reported weight, body mass index, obesity surveillance, measurement agreement, adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Height, Body Weight, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Self Disclosure, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Sex Distribution

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A comparison of direct vs. self‐report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review

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