The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A comparison of direct vs. self‐report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review
Abstract
Summary: Obesity is a rapidly increasing public health problem, with surveillance most often based on self‐reported values of height and weight. We conducted a systematic review to determine what empirical evidence exists regarding the agreement between objective (measured) and subjective (reported) measures in assessing height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Five electronic databases were searched to identify observational and experimental studies on adult populations over the age of 18. Searching identified 64 citations that met the eligibility criteria and examined the relationship between self‐reported and directly measured height or weight. Overall, the data show trends of under‐reporting for weight and BMI and over‐reporting for height, although the degree of the trend varies for men and women and the characteristics of the population being examined. Standard deviations were large indicating that there is a great deal of individual variability in reporting of results. Combining the results quantitatively was not possible because of the poor reporting of outcomes of interest. Accurate estimation of these variables is important as data from population studies such as those included in this review are often used to generate regional and national estimates of overweight and obesity and are in turn used by decision makers to allocate resources and set priorities in health.
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Overweight and obesity among adolescents in Norway: cultural and socio-economic differences
Grøholt, E., Stigum, H., & Nordhagen, R. (2008) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdn037 · Cited by 75
Accuracy of Self-Reported Height, Weight, and BMI Over Time in Emerging Adults
Lipsky, L. M., Haynie, D. L., Hill, C., Nansel, T. R., Li, K., Liu, D., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.01.004 · Cited by 75
Rubeis, V. D., Bayat, S., Griffith, L. E., Smith, B. T., & Anderson, L. N. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12881 · Cited by 74
Hajek, A., Kretzler, B., & König, H. (2021) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s313873 · Cited by 74
Objective Food Environments and Health Outcomes
Minaker, L. M., Raine, K. D., Wild, T. C., Nykiforuk, C. I. J., Thompson, M. E., & Frank, L. D. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.008 · Cited by 87
Lifestyle factors and health-related quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors
Schlesinger, S., Walter, J., Hampe, J., Schönfels, W. V., Hinz, S., Küchler, T., Jacobs, G., Schafmayer, C., & Nöthlings, U. (2013) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0313-y · Cited by 74
“It has been indicated that socially desirable lifestyle factors, including a healthy diet, maintenance of normal weight, being physical active, and not smoking, are prone to overreporting [40–42].”
The Role of Body Image in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction and Flourishing in Men and Women
Davis, L. L., Fowler, S. A., Best, L. A., & Both, L. E. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00093-y · Cited by 73
Charlton, K. E., Kowal, P. R., Soriano, M. M., Williams, S., Banks, E., Vo, K., & Byles, J. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6062305 · Cited by 73
“Regarding self-reported weights and height, men typically over-estimate height and women under-estimate weight in self-reported health measures [38–40].”
BackgroundGuo, W., Key, T. J., & REEVES, G. K. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31394 · Cited by 73
“Most studies rely on self-reported measures of body size, which tend to underestimate adiposity.(10) We aim here to clarify the association between obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk using data on bioelectrical impedance measures of body fat in UK Biobank, a nationwide study of 500,000 individuals.”
BackgroundObesity in pregnancy: risks and management
Fitzsimons, K. J., Modder, J., & Greer, I. A. (2009) · Obstetric Medicine · doi:10.1258/om.2009.090009 · Cited by 94
Dutton, D. J., & McLaren, L. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-430 · Cited by 72
“Notwithstanding the limitations of BMI as a measure of adiposity [7-10], it continues to be recommended by the World Health Organization [10] as the appropriate criteria to assess obesity status in populations due to the high correlation of high BMI with excess body fat and poor health outcomes [1].”
BackgroundBotma, A., Nagengast, F. M., Braem, M. G. M., Hendriks, J. C. M., Kleibeuker, J. H., Vasen, H. F. A., & Kampman, E. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.28.0453 · Cited by 72
“Studies that examined the validity of self-reported weight and height have shown that people tend to underreport their body weight, especially those with increased adiposity, and over-report their height, especially those with a higher BMI and those who are older ( 60 years of age).(39,40) Nonetheless, McAdams et al(4…”
BackgroundRisk factors for injury in rugby union football in New Zealand: a cohort study
Chalmers, D. J., Samaranayaka, A., Gulliver, P. J., & McNoe, B. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090272 · Cited by 72
Estimation of stature using anthropometry of feet and footprints in a Western Australian population
Hemy, N. R., Flavel, A., Ishak, N.-I., & Franklin, D. (2013) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2012.12.008 · Cited by 71
Collaborators, O. B. O. T. M. W. S., Murphy, F., Kroll, M. E., Pirie, K. L., REEVES, G. K., Green, J., & Beral, V. (2013) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.159 · Cited by 71
“Some investigators have found that self-reported measurements tend to over-estimate height and under-estimate weight and BMI, particularly in women (Gorber et al, 2007).”
BackgroundMutsaerts, M. A. Q., Groen, H., der Meer, A. B.-V., Sijtsma, A., Sauer, P. J. J., Land, J. A., Mol, B. W., Corpeleijn, E., & Hoek, A. (2014) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu006 · Cited by 71
Streuber, S., Quirós-Ramírez, M. A., Hill, M. Q., Hahn, C. A., Zuffi, S., O’Toole, A. J., & Black, M. J. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/2897824.2925981 · Cited by 71
Christenson, A., Johansson, E., Reynisdottir, S., Torgerson, J., & Hemmingsson, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167731 · Cited by 81
Reed, J. L., Prince, S. A., Elliott, C. G., Mullen, K., Tulloch, H. E., Hiremath, S. S., Cotie, L. M., Pipe, A., & Reid, R. D. (2017) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.116.003516 · Cited by 78
“Measurement method has been shown to have a substantial impact on observed levels of body weight and BMI.(87) Our findings highlight the need for accurate and reliable measures of MVPA levels in evaluating interventions targeting PA and the relationship between MVPA levels and cardiometabolic health sequelae, particul…”
BackgroundInfluentialDario, A. B., Ferreira, M. L., Refshauge, K. M., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., Luque-Suárez, A., Hopper, J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., & Ferreira, P. H. (2015) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-015-4055-2 · Cited by 71
“Thirdly, the accuracy of BMI data could have been affected by the combination of self-reported with a direct measure of weight and height used to calculate BMI given that self-reported assessment methods seem to underestimate weight and overestimate height values [28].”
BackgroundDiminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), Mishra, A., Zhou, B., Rodriguez-Martinez, A., Bixby, H., Singleton, R. K., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Sheffer, K. E., Paciorek, C. J., Bennett, J. E., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05772-8 · Cited by 70
Sánchez, E., Lecube, A., Bellido, D., Monereo, S., Malagón, M. M., Tinahones, F. J., & on behalf of the Spanish Society for the Study of Obesity (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030894 · Cited by 72
“Over-reporting height and under-reporting weight and BMI are common in adult subjects [35].”
BackgroundThe Association between Marital Transitions, Body Mass Index, and Weight: A Review of the Literature
Dinour, L. M., Leung, M. M., Tripicchio, G. L., Khan, S., & Yeh, M.-C. (2012) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2012/294974 · Cited by 71
The medical care costs of obesity and severe obesity in youth: An instrumental variables approach
Biener, A. I., Cawley, J., & Meyerhoefer, C. D. (2020) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4007 · Cited by 70
Gariepy, G., Wang, J., Lesage, A. D., & Schmitz, N. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.333 · Cited by 70
“Further, BMI was based on self-reported data which, evidence has shown, may underestimate the prevalence of obesity (40).”
Celis-Morales, C., Livingstone, K. M., Woolhead, C., Forster, H., O’Donovan, C. B., Macready, A. L., Fallaize, R., Marsaux, C. F. M., Tsirigoti, L., Efstathopoulou, E., et al. (2015) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-015-0476-0 · Cited by 69
“%) was incorrectly classified as overweight using SR values, leading to a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 87.8% (Table 4).”
InfluentialDietary patterns and 14-y weight gain in African American women
Boggs, D. A., Palmer, J. R., Spiegelman, D. L., Stampfer, M. J., Adams-Campbell, L. L., & Rosenberg, L. A. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013482 · Cited by 68
“Although data from a validation study indicated high correlation between self-reported and measured anthropometric variables (19), weight tends to be underreported, particularly among obese women (31).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorber, S. C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D., & Gorber, B.
- Affiliations
- Statistics Canada (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Gorber, S. Connor
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-01-26
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-326
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2011137594
- Cited by
- 1,945
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- self-reported height, self-reported weight, body mass index, obesity surveillance, measurement agreement, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Height, Body Weight, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Self Disclosure, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Sex Distribution
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