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A comparison of direct vs. self‐report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review
Abstract
Summary: Obesity is a rapidly increasing public health problem, with surveillance most often based on self‐reported values of height and weight. We conducted a systematic review to determine what empirical evidence exists regarding the agreement between objective (measured) and subjective (reported) measures in assessing height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Five electronic databases were searched to identify observational and experimental studies on adult populations over the age of 18. Searching identified 64 citations that met the eligibility criteria and examined the relationship between self‐reported and directly measured height or weight. Overall, the data show trends of under‐reporting for weight and BMI and over‐reporting for height, although the degree of the trend varies for men and women and the characteristics of the population being examined. Standard deviations were large indicating that there is a great deal of individual variability in reporting of results. Combining the results quantitatively was not possible because of the poor reporting of outcomes of interest. Accurate estimation of these variables is important as data from population studies such as those included in this review are often used to generate regional and national estimates of overweight and obesity and are in turn used by decision makers to allocate resources and set priorities in health.
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BackgroundResultEthnic Differences in Self‐reported and Measured Obesit
Johnson, W. D., Bouchard, C., Newton, R. L., Ryan, D. H., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.582 · Cited by 46
“reviewed 64 relevant investigations that were published during the period 1979–2005 (6).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMultiple Levels of Social Disadvantage and Links to Obesity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Lee, H. E., Harris, K. M., & Lee, J. (2013) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12009 · Cited by 47
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“First, the weight change results are based on self-report, and weight is commonly underreported [40].”
BackgroundStott-Miller, M., Heike, C., Kratz, M., & Starr, J. (2010) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01142.x · Cited by 53
McVeigh, K. H., Newton-Dame, R., Chan, P. Y., Thorpe, L. E., Schreibstein, L., Tatem, K. S., Chernov, C., Lurie-Moroni, E., & Perlman, S. E. (2016) · eGEMs (Generating Evidence & Methods to improve patient outcomes) · doi:10.13063/2327-9214.1267 · Cited by 46
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Peterson, J. L., Puhl, R. M., & Luedicke, J. (2011) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.10.009 · Cited by 46
Matthiessen, J., Stockmarr, A., Biltoft-Jensen, A. P., Fagt, S., Zhang, H., & Groth, M. V. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494813520356 · Cited by 45
“Thus the picture is less clear than in adults where the prevalence of overweight and obesity are systematically underestimated [30].”
BackgroundHayes, A., Clarke, P., & Lung, T. W.-C. (2011) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/1478-7954-9-53 · Cited by 46
Snibsøer, A. K., Ciliska, D. K., Yost, J., Graverholt, B., Nortvedt, M. W., Riise, T., & Espehaug, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200313 · Cited by 45
Food Assistance Programs and Child Health
Gundersen, C. (2015) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2015.0004 · Cited by 45
Influence of overweight and obesity on physician costs in adolescents and adults in Ontario, Canada
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“Although self-reported and measured BMI values are well correlated (24,25), it is likely that a considerable number of the participants in this study were placed into the wrong BMI category.”
BackgroundMinaker, L. M., Raine, K. D., Fisher, P., Thompson, M. E., van Loon, J., & Frank, L. D. (2014) · Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition · doi:10.1080/19320248.2014.898175 · Cited by 45
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“Particularly among women, there are a number of studies suggesting that self-reported height is over-estimated, while self-reported weight is likely to be under-estimated [28,29].”
BackgroundQuality of Life in Patients With Untreated and Symptomatic Hallux Valgus
Yamamoto, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Muramatsu, Y., Terakado, A., Sasho, T., Akagi, R., Endo, J., Sato, Y., & Takahashi, K. (2016) · Foot & Ankle International · doi:10.1177/1071100716655433 · Cited by 45
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“Furthermore, in a systematic review of assessments of BMI, self-reports were considered to be reliable estimates of BMI in adults (Connor Gorber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultTelevision, Home-Cooked Meals, and Family Meal Frequency: Associations with Adult Obesity
Tumin, R., & Anderson, S. E. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.01.009 · Cited by 45
Validity of self-reported anthropometry in adult Mexican women
Ortiz‐Panozo, E., Yunes-Díaz, E., Lajous, M., Romieu, I., Monge, A., & López‐Ridaura, R. (2017) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.21149/7860 · Cited by 45
Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5142-1 · Cited by 45
“It is possible that the BMI in Cambodia based on self-report under-reported BMI [27].”
BackgroundInfluentialWeight Loss Maintenance in a Population‐based Sample of German Adults
de Zwaan, M., Hilbert, A., Herpertz, S., Zipfel, S., Beutel, M. E., Gefeller, O., & Mühlhans, B. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.392 · Cited by 46
Health Disparities Across Education: The Role of Differential Reporting Error
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McCabe, P. C., Rubinson, F., Dragowski, E. A., & Elizalde-Utnick, G. (2013) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21702 · Cited by 55
The utility of childhood and adolescent obesity assessment in relation to adult health
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“Another concern is that the weight and height data in the PSID and for older children in the NLSY are self-reported and subject to potential reporting biases.(47,48) However, when we restricted our analyses to only those children whose height and weight had been directly measured, the general patterns of sensitivity a…”
BackgroundBussière, C., Sicsic, J., & Pelletier‐Fleury, N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104901 · Cited by 44
“Previous studies have shown that weight is often under-reported, especially in overweight female populations, whereas height is generally over-reported, leading to an underestimation of BMI and a misclassification in BMI categories [50].”
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“…Villanueva, 2001; Stommel and Schoenborn, 2009), and a comprehensive review of 64 studies on comparisons between SR and directly measured weight or height confirmed that heavier participants tend to overreport height and underreport weight, resulting in an underestimated BMI (Gorber et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMartin-Rodriguez, E., Guillén‐Grima, F., Aubá, E., Martí, A., & Brugos‐Larumbe, A. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.11.003 · Cited by 44
“A systematic review examined the relationship between self-reported and directly measured height and weight [28].”
BackgroundMuscle Synergies During Walking in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
Bekius, A., Bach, M. M., van der Krogt, M. M., de Vries, R., Buizer, A. I., & Dominici, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00632 · Cited by 44
Rodgers, R. F., Paxton, S. J., McLean, S. A., Campbell, K. J., Wertheim, E. H., Skouteris, H., & Gibbons, K. L. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.009 · Cited by 44
Health- related quality of life in diabetic people with different vascular risk
Oliva, J., Fernández-Bolaños, A., & Hidalgo‐Vega, Á. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-812 · Cited by 43
“Secondly, body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on self-reported data on height and weight provided by survey respondents, thereby making responses susceptible to potential bias inherent in how respondents perceive themselves [47-50].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorber, S. C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D., & Gorber, B.
- Affiliations
- Statistics Canada (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Gorber, S. Connor
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-01-26
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-326
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2011137594
- Cited by
- 1,945
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- self-reported height, self-reported weight, body mass index, obesity surveillance, measurement agreement, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Height, Body Weight, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Self Disclosure, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Sex Distribution
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