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A comparison of direct vs. self‐report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review
Abstract
Summary: Obesity is a rapidly increasing public health problem, with surveillance most often based on self‐reported values of height and weight. We conducted a systematic review to determine what empirical evidence exists regarding the agreement between objective (measured) and subjective (reported) measures in assessing height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Five electronic databases were searched to identify observational and experimental studies on adult populations over the age of 18. Searching identified 64 citations that met the eligibility criteria and examined the relationship between self‐reported and directly measured height or weight. Overall, the data show trends of under‐reporting for weight and BMI and over‐reporting for height, although the degree of the trend varies for men and women and the characteristics of the population being examined. Standard deviations were large indicating that there is a great deal of individual variability in reporting of results. Combining the results quantitatively was not possible because of the poor reporting of outcomes of interest. Accurate estimation of these variables is important as data from population studies such as those included in this review are often used to generate regional and national estimates of overweight and obesity and are in turn used by decision makers to allocate resources and set priorities in health.
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“…with other results previously described, in which information on anthropometrics tend to be underestimated for weight and overestimated for height (7), also reported on Spanish and Latin Americans population (20-22 The overestimation of height found was also reported in several populations (7),…”
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“Empirical reports on the accuracy of self-reported height are not conclusive, with height often being overestimated by both men and women (Engstrom et al., 2003; Gorber et al., 2007).”
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Characteristics of Under- and Over-Reporters of Energy Intake among Young Japanese Women
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“A systematic review and meta-analysis from over a decade ago concluded that there is a tendency to under-report weight and overreport height.(4) Findings of subsequent research have supported the aforementioned tendencies and indicate that they are global issues, with studies outside of the United States reporting sim…”
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“Self-reported bias is high among overweight and obese adults, as they tend to overestimate their height and underestimate their weight [41,42].”
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“However, many studies, in adults from at least 16 countries, have indicated that self-reported weight and height tend to be under- and overreported, respectively (45,46).”
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“Our data was self-reported and then a certain underestimation of BMI can be expected [15], which also might have contributed to us not finding the expected association with physical activity [16].”
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“Finally, as for ponderal status, body weight and height of all the children were measured and not selfreported and this was another strength of the study (Connor Gorber et al. 2007).”
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“It is well known that self-reported height and weight tends to underestimate obesity and overweight.(35) However, self-reported measures have been shown to yield similar levels of association with other health outcomes and physical measures.”
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“The method used to measure growth differed between cohorts, but was not explored any further, although it might be relevant [94].”
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“There is evidence that self-reports of weight may underestimate measured weight with this effect being more pronounced in obese and male subjects (Gorber et al., 2007; Dekkers et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBody Mass Index and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Chinese Population
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“A review of 64 studies suggested the difference between the self-reported and objectively measured body mass index was generally null or slightly underestimated (less than 1 kg/m(2)) for those with BMI less than 30 kg/m(2) [50] and 97% of our study population had BMI ,30 kg/m(2).”
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Connor, A. E., Baumgartner, R., Pinkston, C. M., & Baumgartner, K. B. (2013) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.4191 · Cited by 25
Godino, J., van Sluijs, E. M. F., Sutton, S. R., & Griffin, S. J. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.10.004 · Cited by 25
“In order to have a measure of weight that was precisely contemporaneous with the measurement of perceived risk, self-reported weight was assessed by asking participants what their current weight is, without shoes, in either stones and pounds or kilograms [18].”
MethodGomis, R., Artola, S., Conthe, P., Vidal, J., Casamor, R., & Font, B. (2013) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2013.03.013 · Cited by 25
Vasquez, A., Sherwood, N. E., Larson, N., & Story, M. T. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015003638 · Cited by 26
“comparing direct with self-reported measures found that BMI is commonly under-reported((51)).”
ResultNewby, R., & Davies, P. S. W. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.29 · Cited by 25
Change in body mass index during transition to statutory retirement: an occupational cohort study
Stenholm, S., Solovieva, S. A., Viikari-Juntura, E. R. A., Aalto, V., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Vahtera, J. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0539-2 · Cited by 25
“This study relied on self-reported body weight which is subject to recall and information bias, possibly resulting in underreporting of body weight [36, 37].”
MethodValidity of Self-reported Height, Weight, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference in Iranian Adults
Aminianfar, A., Saneei, P., Nouri, M., Shafiei, R., Keshteli, A. H., Esmaillzadeh, A., & Adibi, P. (2021) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_422_18 · Cited by 26
“3 cm.[23] Women also tended to overreport their height in various studies, varying from 0.”
ResultNeighborhood Disadvantage and Body Mass Index: A Study of Residential Relocation
Rachele, J. N., Kavanagh, A. M., Brown, W. J., Healy, A. M., & Turrell, G. (2018) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx390 · Cited by 25
Sex Differences in Spinal Osteoarthritis in Humans and Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Duncan, A. E., Colman, R. J., & Kramer, P. A. (2011) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e31823ab7fc · Cited by 24
McCormack, G. R., Friedenreich, C. M., McLaren, L., Potestio, M. L., Sandalack, B. A., & Csizmadi, I. (2017) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2017/5042614 · Cited by 24
Evaluation of factors influencing 18F-FET uptake in the brain
Verger, A., Stegmayr, C., Galldiks, N., Gucht, A. V. D., Lohmann, P., Stoffels, G., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., Eickhoff, S. B., Guedj, É., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.11.005 · Cited by 24
Lopez-Lopez, D. E., Saavedra-Roman, I. K., Calizaya-Milla, Y. E., & Saintila, J. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2021/9964143 · Cited by 24
“Second is the participants’ self-report on weight and height, considering that people tend to underestimate their current weight and overestimate their height [47], which increases the probability of error in terms of BMI.”
BackgroundHealth-promoting behaviour among adults in Germany – Results from GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS
Richter, A., Schienkiewitz, A., Starker, A., Krug, S., Domańska, O. M., Kuhnert, R., Loss, J., & Mensink, G. (2021) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.25646/8553 · Cited by 25
Donfrancesco, C., Profumo, E., Noce, C. L., Minutoli, D., Lonardo, A. D., Buttari, B., Vespasiano, F., Vannucchi, S., Galletti, F., Onder, G., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264778 · Cited by 24
“Conversely, obesity rates among adults seem to remain relatively stable between 2008 and 2014 in Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Latvia, Poland, and Italy and to reach a plateau in 2016 in France and Ireland [41].”
BackgroundInfluentialNielsen, J., Hulmán, Á., Narayan, K. M. V., & Cunningham, S. A. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac124 · Cited by 30
Consistência entre medidas antropométricas em inquéritos nacionais
Conde, W. L., Oliveira, D. R., Borges, C. A., & Baraldi, L. G. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 24
Marital Status, Marital History, Body Weight, and Obesity
Sobal, J., & Hanson, K. L. (2011) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2011.620934 · Cited by 24
“Self-reported heights and weights often differ (Gorber, Tremblay, Moher, & Gorber, 2007 ) but are generally considered valid for survey research (Bowman & DeLucia, 1992 ) with analyses of U.”
BackgroundValidade de peso, altura e índice de massa corporal autorreferidos na população adulta de Brasília
Thomaz, P. M. D., da Silva, E. F., & da Costa, T. H. M. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/s1415-790x2013000100015 · Cited by 24
The validity of self-reported body mass index in a population-based osteoarthritis study
Magnusson, K., Haugen, I. K., Østerås, N., Nordsletten, L., Natvig, B., & Hagen, K. B. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-442 · Cited by 24
“Our results are in line with previous findings in other populations [5].”
BackgroundResultFat spouses and hours of work: are body and Pareto weights correlated?
Oreffice, S., & Quintana‐Domeque, C. (2012) · IZA Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1186/2193-8997-1-6 · Cited by 24
“Reed and Price (1998) found that family proxy-respondents tend to overestimate heights and underestimate weights of their family members, so that family proxy-respondent estimates follow the same patterns as self-reported estimates (see Gorber et al. 2007, for a review).”
ResultWilliams, S. L., & Mummery, W. K. (2011) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198110385772 · Cited by 28
Dalton, W. T., Wang, L., Southerland, J. L., Schetzina, K. E., & SLAWSON, D. L. (2014) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/01.smj.0000450708.52011.7c · Cited by 24
“It has been suggested that these measures frequently replace actual measures as a result of convenience or cost.(8,27) Based on our findings, the results from such studies should be interpreted with caution because these studies may reveal lower occurrences of underestimation and higher occurrences of overestimation t…”
ResultLoss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC)
Warschburger, P., & Kröller, K. (2016) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0727-2 · Cited by 24
Paulsen, L. H., Bakke, L. S., Jarbøl, D. E., Balasubramaniam, K., & Hansen, D. G. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2020.1753347 · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, lifestyle factors might be over- or underestimated due to self-reporting, since height generally tends to be over-reported, whereas weight and smoking habits generally tend to be under-reported [25,26].”
BackgroundDeterminants of physical inactivity among urban adolescents
Lippo, B. R. D. S., da Silva, I. M., Pereira, C. R., de Lira, P. I. C., da Silva, G. A. P., & Motta, M. E. F. A. (2010) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.2047 · Cited by 24
Atkinson, G., Taylor, C. E., Morgan, N., Ormond, L. R., & Wallis, G. A. (2011) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1273739 · Cited by 23
Colman, S., Nichols-Barrer, I., Redline, J. E., Devaney, B., Ansell, S. V., & Joyce, T. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 24
Erickson, N. T., Schinköthe, T., Eckhardt, C., Storck, L. J., Joos, A., Liu, L., Ballmer, P. E., Mumm, F., Fey, T., & Heinemann, V. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06351-1 · Cited by 23
“Therefore, this outlier may be explained by previous studies that report the tendency of patients who are overweight to under-sreport their weight [28].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHimmelstein, M. S., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615585831 · Cited by 23
Use of Preventive Services of Overweight and Obese Europeans Aged 50–79 Years
Peytremann‐Bridevaux, I., & Santos‐Eggimann, B. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0181-9 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorber, S. C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D., & Gorber, B.
- Affiliations
- Statistics Canada (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Gorber, S. Connor
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-01-26
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-326
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2011137594
- Cited by
- 1,945
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- self-reported height, self-reported weight, body mass index, obesity surveillance, measurement agreement, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Height, Body Weight, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Self Disclosure, Reproducibility of Results, Body Mass Index, Sex Distribution
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