Walking for prevention of cardiovascular disease in men and women: a systematic review of observational studies
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Summary: In this systematic review, walking (a generally accessible activity for a largely sedentary population) was assessed as a preventive risk factor for development of fatal and non‐fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD). PubMed, CINHAL and reference list searches identified 21 peer‐reviewed publications examining walking in relation to CVD; studies assessing active transportation were excluded. Generally, there were dose‐dependent reductions in CVD risk with higher walking duration, distance, energy expenditure and pace. Associations appeared to be stronger for ischaemic stroke than other CVD outcomes such as coronary heart disease or haemorrhagic stroke. Adjustment for clinical CVD risk factors, obesity or other types of physical activity generally attenuated but did not eliminate associations. Because functional status may be an important determinant of walking behaviour in adults, potential bias due to pre‐existing illness is of concern in all studies reviewed, particularly in case–control studies which ascertain walking retrospectively and yielded the strongest associations. Study findings were consistent with current physical activity recommendations, but there is a need for improvements in measurement of walking and other CVD risk factors, more thorough control for pre‐existing illness, examination of mediating or moderating conditions such as obesity and other analytical issues.
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Other prior reviews investigated only specific types of physical activity, included only women, or did not report stroke outcomes separately.
“Other prior reviews have only investigated specific types of physical activity,22,23 include only women,24,25 or don’t report stroke outcomes separately.26”
From Sex Differences in Physical Activity and Incident Stroke: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Boone‐Heinonen, J., Evenson, K. R., Taber, D. R., & Gordon‐Larsen, P.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boone‐Heinonen, J.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 204-217
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- PMC
- PMC2782938
- OpenAlex
- W2055112483
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca012115-25)
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA12115, R01CA121152, R01CA109831)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K01HD044263, R01HD057194)
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Keywords
- walking, cardiovascular disease prevention, ischemic stroke, coronary artery disease, hemorrhagic stroke, physical activity, sedentary behavior, walking time, energy expenditure, walking speed, functional status, cardiovascular risk factors, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Male, Research Design, Time Factors, Walking
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