Cited by 2,899Cognitive Abilities and TestingChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnimal Behavior and Reproduction

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How People Make Their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype Environment Effects

Scarr, Sandra, McCartney, Kathleen·1983·Child Development

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03884.x

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Abstract

We propose a theory of development in which experience is directed by genotypes. Genotypic differences are proposed to affect phenotypic differences, both directly and through experience, via 3 kinds of genotype leads to environment effects: a passive kind, through environments provided by biologically related parents; an evocative kind, through responses elicited by individuals from others; and an active kind, through the selection of different environments by different people. The theory adapts the 3 kinds of genotype-environment correlations proposed by Plomin, DeFries, and Loehlin in a developmental model that is used to explain results from studies of deprivation, intervention, twins, and families.

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Authors: Scarr, S., & McCartney, K.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Venue: Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1983-04
Volume: 54
Issue: 2
Pages: 424-435
ISSN: 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
1467-8624
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03884.x
OpenAlex: W1838289455
Semantic Scholar: d71090c7ecf579c4e736cf034c8ca1f6229b1f2c
Cited by: 2,895
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 239 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 104
FWCI: 20.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 11841 d)
Locations: Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Keywords: gene-environment interaction, genotype-environment correlation, developmental theory, parental environment, twin studies, family studies, deprivation, intervention, phenotypic differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adoption, Child, Child, Preschool, Environment, Female, Genotype, Humans, Human Development, Infant, Intelligence, Models, Psychological, Parent-Child Relations, Phenotype, Pregnancy, Psychological Theory, Psychosocial Deprivation, Twins

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How People Make Their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype Environment Effects

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