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Family environments, adrenarche and sexual maturation: a longitudinal test of a life history model
Abstract
Life history theorists have proposed that humans have evolved to be sensitive to specific features of early childhood environments and that exposure to different environments biases children toward development of different reproductive strategies, including differential pubertal timing. The current research provides a longitudinal test of this theory. Assessments of family environments, based on interviews with mothers and fathers, were conducted in preschool, and children were then followed prospectively through middle childhood. Adrenal hormones were assayed in a selected subsample of 120 children (73 girls) at age 7, and parent and child reports of secondary sexual characteristics were collected in the full female sample of 180 girls at age 11. Higher quality parental investment (from both mothers and fathers) and less father-reported Marital Conflict/Depression forecast later adrenarche. Older age at menarche in mothers, higher socioeconomic status, greater mother-based Parental Supportiveness, and lower third-grade body mass index each uniquely and significantly predicted later sexual development in daughters. Consistent with a life history perspective, quality of parental investment emerged as a central feature of the proximal family environment in relation to pubertal timing.
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“familial stress experienced in childhood anticipates adrenarche in both boys and girls”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Ellis and Essex (2007)
In the citing paper
“Thus, cues to extrinsic morbidity-mortality guide development toward LH trade-offs favoring an earlier pubertal transition from somatic to reproductive effort (e.g., Belsky et al., 1991; Ellis and Essex, 2007; Tither and Ellis, 2008) but future over current reproduction in adulthood, especially in females (e.g., Nakamura et al., 2008; Nepomnaschy et al., 2006)”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Ellis and Essex, 2007
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Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007 · Cited by 1,373
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Self-citationSex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies
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Puberty and the human brain: insights into adolescent development
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“For example, girls born with low birth weight go on to mature and have their first child relatively early [1–4], as do girls who have experienced psychosocial stress and family disruption in childhood [5–10].”
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“This past decade also brought with it more evidence on family influences of timing of puberty, including the life history theory focusing on timing of puberty and the structure and processes in families (Ellis & Essex, 2007).”
BackgroundCharalampopoulos, D., McLoughlin, A., Elks, C. E., & Ong, K. K. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu113 · Cited by 267
Belsky, J., NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, Steinberg, L., Houts, R. M., & Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015549 · Cited by 252
“Following Belsky et al. (2007) and other state-of-the-art studies in the field (e.g., Ellis & Essex, 2007 ), daughter’s age of menarche was adjusted (i.e., residualized) for maternal menarcheal age in the statistical analysis to be presented in an attempt to (partly) control for genetic effects on daughters’ timing of…”
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“This regulatory role seems especially likely given path-analytic evidence linking rearing experience with pubertal development through such mechanisms (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Moffitt, Caspi, Belsky, & Silva, 1992).”
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Self-citationEllis, B. J., Shirtcliff, E. A., Boyce, W. T., Deardorff, J., & Essex, M. J. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000660 · Cited by 220
“…relevance to the current research; they indicate that higher quality parent–child relationships in preschool (more parental warmth and family positivity, less parent– child stress and conflict) forecast lower levels of pubertal maturation by daughters in the fifth grade (Ellis & Essex, 2007).”
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Fortenberry, J. D. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.007 · Cited by 200
“This emergent awareness may originate in neuro-endocrine changes of adrenarche and pubarche (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Graber, Nichols, & BrooksGunn, 2010; Herdt & McClintock, 2000; Oberfield & White, 2009).”
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Giudice, M. D. (2014) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12084 · Cited by 216
“Consistent with this view, both early relational stress and early nutrition have been found to modulate the timing of adrenarche (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Hochberg, 2008).”
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Self-citationThe juvenile transition: A developmental switch point in human life history
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Role of Intensive Training in the Growth and Maturation of Artistic Gymnasts
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“Although paternal investment theory has been programmatically tested in past research in our laboratory and has garnered reasonable support (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Ellis et al., 2003; Ellis & Garber, 2000; Ellis, McFadyenKetchum, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1999; Tither & Ellis, 2008; see also Coley et…”
MethodSelf-citationA Life History Theory of Father Absence and Menarche: A Meta-Analysis
Webster, G. D., Graber, J. A., Gesselman, A. N., Crosier, B. S., & Schember, T. O. (2014) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491401200202 · Cited by 182
“Higher quality parental investment predicts later adrenarche—an increase in androgens that is typically one of the first hormonal changes of puberty in children around 6–8 years old (Ellis and Essex, 2007).”
BackgroundInfant Attachment Security and the Timing of Puberty
Belsky, J., Houts, R., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610379867 · Cited by 158
“A comprehensive review of the determinants of female pubertal development provides qualified support for this pubertal-timing prediction (Ellis, 2004), as does more recent research (Belsky, Steinberg, Houts, Friedman, DeHart, et al., 2007; Ellis & Essex, 2007; Tither & Ellis, 2008).”
Byrne, M. L., Whittle, S., Vijayakumar, N., Dennison, M., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.004 · Cited by 150
High urinary phthalate concentration associated with delayed pubarche in girls
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Childhood Abuse and Age at Menarche
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Belsky, J., Ruttle, P. L., Boyce, W. T., Armstrong, J. M., & Essex, M. J. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000017 · Cited by 141
“For details on the overall sample, recruitment procedures, and eligibility criteria, see Hyde, Klein, Essex, and Clark (1995); for subsample details, see Ellis and Essex (2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFlexibility in reproductive timing in human females: integrating ultimate and proximate explanations
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Socioeconomic status in relation to early menarche among black and white girls
Braithwaite, D., Moore, D. H., Lustig, R. H., Epel, E. S., Ong, K. K., Rehkopf, D. H., Wang, M. C., Miller, S. M., & Hiatt, R. A. (2008) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-008-9284-9 · Cited by 123
“More recently, studies have linked early puberty to both lower parental educational attainment [8–10] and lower household income [10, 14].”
BackgroundResultThe Emerging Theoretical Framework of Life Course Health Development
Halfon, N., & Forrest, C. B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_2 · Cited by 132
“This has been associated with a range of maladaptive outcomes (Mendle et al. 2007; Ellis and Essex 2007).”
BackgroundLife-course origins of the ages at menarche and menopause
Forman, M. R., Mangini, L. D., Jean, R. T., & Hayward (2013) · Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s15946 · Cited by 128
“Socioeconomic factors and psychosocial stressors have been linked to timing of menarche, but the nature of these associations differs.(14,18,19,36,37) Poverty in early childhood is related to a decline in the age at menarche among non-Hispanic white (NHW), but not non-Hispanic black (NHB), girls.”
Synthesizing Views to Understand Sex Differences in Response to Early Life Adversity
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“Further, work has shown that higher socioeconomic status (SES), lower marital discord, and greater parental support were associated with decreased body mass and later sexual maturation [86].”
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“…and particularly the timing of the increase of DHEA in middle childhood/ adolescence associated with puberty (Belsky, Steinberg, & Draper,1991; Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Van Ijzendoorn, 2007; Ellis, Shirtcliff, Boyce, Deardorff, & Essex, 2011; Ellis & Essex, 2007; see Ellis, 2004 for review).”
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“Secondly, offspring of lower socio-economic status are known to mature faster, e.g. show earlier pubertal development, than offspring of higher socio-economic status (Belsky et al., 1991; Ellis and Essex, 2007).”
Biro, F. M., & Deardorff, J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.019 · Cited by 107
“An analysis from the Bogalusa Heart Study found that greater childhood BMI was associated with earlier pubertal onset, and earlier puberty with greater BMI as an adult, but the relationship suggested that childhood BMI was the major factor [91].”
InfluentialDeardorff, J., Ekwaru, J. P., Kushi, L. H., Ellis, B. J., Greenspan, L. C., Mirabedi, A. S., Landaverde, E. G., & Hiatt, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.07.032 · Cited by 107
Self-citationNeuroendocrine coupling across adolescence and the longitudinal influence of early life stress
Ruttle, P. L., Shirtcliff, E. A., Armstrong, J. M., Klein, M. H., & Essex, M. J. (2013) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21138 · Cited by 110
“Extensive research supports this notion, with stressful family relationships, elevated levels of conflict and depression, and father absence all predicting earlier sexual development in girls (Bogaert, 2005; Deardorff et al., 2011; Ellis & Essex, 2007; Ellis & Garber, 2000; Tither & Ellis, 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMaternal Body Mass Index and Daughters’ Age at Menarche
Keim, S. A., Branum, A. M., Klebanoff, M. A., & Zemel, B. S. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181b093ce · Cited by 107
“Age at menarche has intergenerational or genetic underpinnings as well, in that age at menarche is correlated across generations.(20,21) Despite the focus on child growth and body size in relation to pubertal timing, there has been less attention to whether maternal body size plays a role in pubertal timing for the of…”
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Mensah, F. K., Bayer, J. K., Wake, M. A., Carlin, J. B., Allen, N. B., & Patton, G. C. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.018 · Cited by 114
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“Control Variables Pubertal Status—A multi-method, multi-informant approach was used to capture pubertal development [30].”
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Middle Childhood: An Evolutionary-Developmental Synthesis
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“family relationships) is associated with females’ advanced adrenarche and early puberty [52], and that harsh parenting in early childhood predicts earlier age of menarche and, thereby, greater sexual ‘risk taking’ in adolescence [53].”
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Giudice, M. D., & Belsky, J. (2010) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00125.x · Cited by 92
“…predict earlier adrenarche in boys and girls in first grade (around 6–7 years of age), and earlier puberty in girls in fifth grade (around 10–11 years; Ellis & Essex, 2007).8 The central notion we are advancing, then, is that the passage from early to middle childhood is a hormonally mediated…”
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Hamlat, E. J., Prather, A. A., Horvath, S., Belsky, J., & Epel, E. S. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22085 · Cited by 93
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“In the last halfcentury, in the United States at least, this relationship may have changed.”
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Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early Pubertal Timing Among Girls: A Meta-Analysis
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“Children should be selected to take advantage of the benefits of high-quality parental investment and reduce the costs of low-quality parental investment by contingently altering the length of growth and development prior to reproductive maturity [17,19].”
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“, instability or threat) favor accelerated development (45).”
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“The quality of parent–child relations in humans (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Ellis, Shirtcliff, Boyce, Deardorff, & Essex, 2011), including attachment insecurity (Belsky & de Haan, 2011), associate with the timing of female sexual maturation, consistent with life-history theories of early programming of…”
The effect of predictable early childhood environments on sociosexuality in early adulthood.
Szepsenwol, O., Griskevicius, V., Simpson, J. A., Young, E. S., Fleck, C. R., & Jones, R. E. (2017) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000082 · Cited by 82
“…longitudinal studies investigating how girls’ sexual development is affected by various types of parental disturbances, such as father absence (Ellis & Essex, 2007), maternal separation and lack of paternal involvement (Nettle et al., 2011), and maternal depression (Belsky et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEvolutionary Foundations of Developmental Psychopathology
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Self-citationA review of human male field studies of hormones and behavioral reproductive effort
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“Several researchers have speculated that a functional relationship exists between emergent sexual attraction and interest in the opposite sex and adrenal hormone production among juveniles (Ellis and Essex, 2007; Herdt and McClintock, 2000).”
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“…Early Child Care Research Network, 2007; Belsky, Steinberg, Houts, Halpern-Felsher, and NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, 2010; Ellis, 2004; Ellis & Essex, 2007; Moffitt, Caspi, Belsky, & Silva, 1992; Tither & Ellis, 2008) and more sexual partners (Simpson, Griskevicius, Kuo, Sung, &…”
Study protocol: the Childhood to Adolescence Transition Study (CATS)
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“In contrast, high quality parental investment and lower marital conflict have been shown to predict later adrenarche [47].”
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“There is increasing empirical support for the predictions of these evolutionary theories, and in particular for the role of the early family environment in shaping reproductive strategies (Belsky et al., 1991; Ellis and Essex, 2007).”
Puberty: Its role in development.
Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2013) · Cited by 72
Ellis, B. J. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.012 · Cited by 74
Self-citationEarly Pubertal Timing and Girls’ Problem Behavior: Integrating Two Hypotheses
Stattin, H., Kerr, M., & Skoog, T. (2011) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9696-9 · Cited by 70
“In North American samples, girls from lower socioeconomic strata tend to mature earlier (Ellis and Essex 2007), and SES is also linked to problem behavior.”
Byrd‐Craven, J., Auer, B. J., Granger, D. A., & Massey-Abernathy, A. R. (2011) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026588 · Cited by 69
“Family research, such as the Ellis & Essex (2007) study on girls’ pubertal development, will be needed to disambiguate the relative contributions of shared genes and relationship quality.”
BackgroundHow does childhood socioeconomic hardship affect reproductive strategy? Pathways of development
Sheppard, P., Pearce, M. S., & Sear, R. (2015) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22793 · Cited by 68
“However in high-income settings, the pattern is less clear; low SES is sometimes correlated with earlier puberty (James-Todd et al., 2010; Ellis and Essex, 2007), although in some cases there is no evidence for an association either way (Blell et al., 2008; Ersoy et al., 2004; Moffitt et al., 1992).”
BackgroundSecure Infant-Mother Attachment Buffers the Effect of Early-Life Stress on Age of Menarche
Sung, S., Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I., Schlomer, G. L., & Belsky, J. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616631958 · Cited by 66
“…in girls as measured by onset of menarche (e.g., Belsky et al., 2007; Belsky, Steinberg, Houts, & Halpern-Felsher, 2010; Deardorff et al., 2011; Ellis & Essex, 2007; Ellis & Garber, 2000; Moffitt, Caspi, Belsky, & Silva, 1992; Surbey, 1990; for reviews, see Ellis, 2004, and Belsky, 2012).”
Sulloway, F. J. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.003.0004 · Cited by 68
Gray, S. A. O., Jones, C. W., Theall, K. P., Glackin, E. B., & Drury, S. S. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.001 · Cited by 68
A prospective study of childhood social hardships and age at menarche
Boynton‐Jarrett, R., & Harville, E. W. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.08.005 · Cited by 65
“However, a variable expressing lack of paternal involvement was a predictor of later age at menarche, rather than early, which deviates from previous literature that supports an association between paternal absence and earlier menarche [16,36].”
Figueredo, A. J., de Baca, T. C., Black, C. J., García, R. A., Fernandes, H. B. F., Wolf, P. S. A., & Anthony, M. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491501300202 · Cited by 83
Examining the Relationship between Life Expectancy, Reproduction, and Educational Attainment
Bulled, N. L., & Sosis, R. H. (2010) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9092-2 · Cited by 62
Associations between early adrenarche, affective brain function and mental health in children
Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., Byrne, M. L., Strikwerda-Brown, C., Kerestes, R., Seal, M. L., Olsson, C. A., Dudgeon, P., Mundy, L. K., Patton, G. C., et al. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv014 · Cited by 60
“Predictors of adrenarche are far less well understood as compared to gonadarche, although there is some evidence for environmental (Ellis & Essex, 2007) and other influencing factors such as birth weight (Auchus & Rainey, 2004).”
BackgroundManuck, S. B., Craig, A. E., Flory, J. D., Halder, I., & Ferrell, R. E. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000659 · Cited by 60
“…Graber, Brooks-Gunn, & Warren, 1995; Kim et al., 1997; Kim & Smith, 1998; Moffitt et al., 1992; Quinlan, 2003; Romans et al., 2003; Steinberg, 1988; Tither & Ellis, 2008), whereas girls mature more slowly when reared in affectionate, cohesive families (Ellis et al., 1999; Ellis & Essex, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttachment in Middle Childhood: An Evolutionary-Developmental Perspective
Giudice, M. D. (2015) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20101 · Cited by 60
Halevi, G., Djalovski, A., Kanat‐Maymon, Y., Yirmiya, K., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Koren, L., & Feldman, R. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000307 · Cited by 62
Father Absence and Reproduction-Related Outcomes in Malaysia, a Transitional Fertility Population
Sheppard, P., Snopkowski, K., & Sear, R. (2014) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-014-9195-2 · Cited by 55
“An alternative hypothesis, and in fact the earliest proposed adaptive hypothesis for behavioral differences between father-absent and father-present girls, is that growing up in a father-absent environment indicates that marriages are unstable and that men are unreliable investors (Draper and Harpending 1982; Ellis an…”
BackgroundBelsky, J., & Shalev, I. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000900 · Cited by 58
Magnus, M. C., Anderson, E. L., Howe, L. D., Joinson, C. J., Penton‐Voak, I. S., & Fraser, A. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209488 · Cited by 56
Fragkaki, I., Cima, M., & Granic, I. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.005 · Cited by 54
Early Life Stress Delays Sexual Maturation in Female Mice
Manzano-Nieves, G., Nitenson, A. S., Lee, H.-I., Gallo, M. E., Aguilar, Z., Johnsen, A., Bravo, M., & Bath, K. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00027 · Cited by 50
“Support for this has come from work associating higher SES, lower marital discord, and greater parental support with decreased body mass and later sexual maturation (Ellis and Essex, 2007).”
BackgroundHagan, M. J., Roubinov, D. S., Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., & Bush, N. R. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000379 · Cited by 48
“Fourth, the current study used a brief parent-report measure of parent-child negativity that has previously demonstrated relations with children's mental and physical health (31,32).”
MethodChildhood adversity and pubertal timing: Understanding the origins of adulthood cardiovascular risk
Bleil, M. E., Adler, N. E., Appelhans, B. M., Gregorich, S. E., Sternfeld, B., & Cedars, M. I. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.02.005 · Cited by 48
Thijssen, S., Collins, P. F., & Luciana, M. M. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000580 · Cited by 50
“Like gonadarche and menarche, adrenarche has been reported to be accelerated in response to early life stress (e.g., Belsky et al., 2015; Ellis & Essex, 2007), and children experiencing early adrenarche are more likely to experience early pubarche (adrenal), menarche, and telarche (gonadal; Ibáñez,…”
Culpin, I., Heron, J., Araya, R., Melotti, R., Lewis, G., & Joinson, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.003 · Cited by 48
“…adjust for a range of confounders that are associated with both earlier timing of menarche and father absence, including socioeconomic disadvantage (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Hulanicka, Gronkiewicz, & Koniarek, 2001; James-Todd, Tehranifar, Rich-Edwards, Titievsky, & Terry, 2010), maternal educational…”
BackgroundLi, L., Denholm, R., & Power, C. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu071 · Cited by 49
Amir, D., Jordan, M. R., & Bribiescas, R. G. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155883 · Cited by 51
Bleil, M. E., Booth‐LaForce, C., & Benner, A. D. (2017) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-017-9441-5 · Cited by 49
“Studies in this literature have typically excluded African Americans or African American participants have represented such a small proportion of the total sample that they could not be analyzed separately (Belsky et al. 2007; Ellis and Essex 2007; Ellis and Garber 2000; Ellis et al. 1999; Graber et al. 1995; Saxbe an…”
BackgroundInfluentialEarly Menarche and Psychopathological Symptoms in Young Chinese Women
Deng, F., Tao, F., Wan, Y., Hao, J., Su, P., & Cao, Y. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2102 · Cited by 49
“Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that both lower parental educational attainment and lower household income have been linked to early puberty, but this phenomenon mainly exists in developed countries.(36,37) A comprehensive review published in 2003, however, reported inconsistent associations between socioecon…”
Biological perspectives on the effects of early psychosocial experience
Marshall, P. J., & Kenney, J. W. (2009) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.001 · Cited by 51
Joos, C. M., Wodzinski, A., Wadsworth, M. E., & Dorn, L. D. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.05.001 · Cited by 47
Vulnerability to Disease as a Predictor of Faster Life History Strategies
Hill, S. E., Boehm, G. W., & Prokosch, M. L. (2016) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-015-0040-6 · Cited by 47
“…such as father absence and economic unpredictability, reach puberty earlier and are more sexually precocious than those growing up in contexts lacking such stressors (Belsky et al. 1991; Belsky et al. 2010; Draper and Harpending 1982; Ellis 2004, 2005; Ellis and Essex 2007; Moffitt et al. 1992).”
BackgroundViolence, Teenage Pregnancy, and Life History
Copping, L. T., Campbell, A., & Muncer, S. (2013) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-013-9163-2 · Cited by 45
“) and early sexual/reproductive onset have also been documented (Belsky 2007; Chisholm 1999a; Ellis 2004; Ellis et al. 2003; Ellis and Essex 2007).”
BackgroundSocial and emotional predictors of the tempo of puberty in female rhesus monkeys
Wilson, M. E., Bounar, S., Godfrey, J., Michopoulos, V., Higgins, M. K., & Sánchez, M. M. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.021 · Cited by 43
“…presence of an adult male engaged in child rearing predict a later pubertal age, exposure to a disruptive family environment is often associated with accelerated, not delayed, puberty (Ellis and Essex, 2007; Ellis and Garber, 2000; Ellis et al., 2011; Hulanicka et al., 2001; Kim and Smith, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Ellis, B. J., & Essex, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ellis, Bruce J
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-11-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1799-1817
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2024429459
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 14.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH44340, P50-MH 52354, P50MH052354, R01MH044340)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adrenarche, pubertal timing, sexual maturation, life history theory, parental investment, family environment, marital conflict, parental depression, socioeconomic status, body mass index, menarche, early childhood, adrenal hormones, secondary sexual characteristics
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Autonomic Nervous System, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Family, Father-Child Relations, Female, Humans, Individuality, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prospective Studies, Puberty, Sexual Maturation, Social Environment, Social Support, Body Mass Index, Parenting, Adrenarche, Family Conflict
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