The Development of Human Reproductive Strategies: Progress and Prospects
Abstract
An evolutionary-biological perspective on the effects of the extrafamilial and familial environment on multiple psychological, behavioral, and even somatic features of children’s development challenges prevailing thinking about human development, which regards some contextual conditions and their sequelae as “good” and others as “bad.” Theory and research on the development of human reproductive strategies based on such evolutionary thinking has evolved substantially over the past two decades. In this article, I review two decades of theory and research findings pertaining to the development of reproductive strategies—highlighting the contextual regulation of pubertal timing, the distinctive role of fathers, individuals’ differential susceptibility to rearing influences, mechanisms of influence, and new ways of conceptualizing influential environmental features—and outline future directions for research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Numerous factors may accelerate puberty in humans and animals including a stressful early environment or absence of a father in the household, early exposure to endocrine disruptors, or childhood obesity.
“numerous factors may accelerate puberty in humans and animals including a stressful early environment or absence of a father in the household (Belsky, 2012), early exposure to endocrine disruptors (Meeker, 2012), or childhood obesity (Ahmed et al., 2009)”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Belsky, 2012
From a life history theory standpoint, earlier sexual maturation may reflect an adaptive developmental response and distinct life history strategy that maximizes reproductive fitness in a harsh environment.
“From a life history theory standpoint, earlier sexual maturation may reflect an adaptive developmental response and distinct life history strategy that maximizes reproductive fitness in a harsh environment”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Belsky, 2012
Cites
Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129266 · Cited by 7,284 · see citing works
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. D., & Draper, P. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01558.x · Cited by 2,532 · see citing works
Self-citationLess is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195 · Cited by 1,883 · see citing works
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131166 · Cited by 1,780 · see citing works
Self-citationEllis (2009) · doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
For Better <i>and</i> For Worse: Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences
Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x · Cited by 1,515 · see citing works
Self-citationConger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.179 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity
Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Evans, G. W., & English, K. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00469 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: an integrated life history approach
Ellis, B. J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.920 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year-old children: social-environmental risk factors
Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Barocas, R., Zax, M., & Greenspan, S. (1987) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.79.3.343 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Father Absence and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective
Draper, P., & Harpending, H. C. (1982) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.1086/jar.38.3.3629848 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Chisholm, J. S., Ellison, P. T., Evans, J., Lee, P. C., Lieberman, L. S., Pavlik, Z., Ryan, A. S., Salter, E. M., Stini, W. A., & Worthman, C. M. (1993) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204131 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Belsky, J., Schlomer, G. L., & Ellis, B. J. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024454 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Self-citationLife expectancy, economic inequality, homicide, and reproductive timing in Chicago neighbourhoods
Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7089.1271 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies
Giudice, M. D. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000016 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Griskevicius, V., Delton, A. W., Robertson, T. E., & Tybur, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021082 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027293 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Childhood Experience and the Onset of Menarche: A Test of a Sociobiological Model
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Belsky, J., & Silva, P. A. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03594.x · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Self-citationKaffman, A., & Meaney, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01730.x · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Ellis, B. J., McFadyen-Ketchum, S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.387 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The Multiple Determinants of Parenting
Belsky, J., & Jaffee, S. R. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939406.ch2 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood Experience and the Onset of Menarche: A Test of a Sociobiological Model
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Belsky, J., & Silva, P. A. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130900 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily environments, adrenarche and sexual maturation: a longitudinal test of a life history model
Ellis, B. J., & Essex, M. J. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01092.x · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Cameron, N. M., Champagne, F. A., Parent, C., Fish, E. W., Ozaki-Kuroda, K., & Meaney, M. J. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.022 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Family Rearing Antecedents of Pubertal Timing
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. D., Houts, R., Friedman, S. L., DeHart, G. B., Cauffman, E. E., Roisman, G. I., Halpern‐Felsher, B. L., & Susman, E. J. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01067.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationLengua, L. J. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00397 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Attachment, mating, and parenting
Belsky, J. (1997) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/bf02913039 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationBelsky, J., NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, Steinberg, L., Houts, R. M., & Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015549 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationTither, J. M., & Ellis, B. J. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013065 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Ellis, B. J., Shirtcliff, E. A., Boyce, W. T., Deardorff, J., & Essex, M. J. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000660 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
When do adaptive developmental mechanisms yield maladaptive outcomes?
Frankenhuis, W. E., & Giudice, M. D. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025629 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
James, J., Ellis, B. J., Schlomer, G. L., & Garber, J. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026427 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Pubertal maturation and the development of alcohol use and abuse
Costello, E. J., Sung, M., Worthman, C. M., & Angold, A. C. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.009 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The juvenile transition: A developmental switch point in human life history
Giudice, M. D., Angeleri, R., & Manera, V. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.09.001 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Early-life conditions and age at first pregnancy in British women
Nettle, D., Coall, D. A., & Dickins, T. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1726 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Ellis, B. J., Schlomer, G. L., Tilley, E. H., & Butler, E. A. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941100085x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Geronimus, A. T. (1996) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/bf02732898 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Cameron, N. M., Corpo, A. D., Diorio, J. C., McAllister, K., Sharma, S., & Meaney, M. J. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002210 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Dishion, T. J., Ha, T., & Véronneau, M.-H. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027304 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Comings, D. E., Muhleman, D. R., Johnson, J. P., & MacMurray, J. P. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00456 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Family structure and age at menarche: A children-of-twins approach.
Mendle, J., Turkheimer, E. N., D'Onofrio, B. M., Lynch, S. K., Emery, R. E., Slutske, W. S., & Martin, N. G. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.533 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Pesonen, A., Räikkönen, K., Heinonen, K., Kajantie, E., Forsén, T., & Eriksson, J. G. (2008) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20735 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Attachment Emerge in Middle Childhood: An Evolutionary Hypothesis
Giudice, M. D., & Belsky, J. (2010) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00125.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationBelsky, J. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4467-8_9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental and Genetic Influences on Pubertal Development: Evolutionary Life History Traits?
Rowe, D. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4467-8_10 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Developmental Plasticity May Result From Stochastic Sampling
Frankenhuis, W., & Panchanathan, K. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611412602 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Extrinsic Mortality Effects on Reproductive Strategies in a Caribbean Community
Quinlan, R. J. (2010) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9085-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H. M., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A., & Easteal, S. (2003) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.20114 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ellis, B. J., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027651 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chisholm, J. S. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511605932 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Manuck, S. B., Craig, A. E., Flory, J. D., Halder, I., & Ferrell, R. E. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000659 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Maternal programming of sexual attractivity in female Long Evans rats
Sakhai, S. A., Kriegsfeld, L. J., & Francis, D. D. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stretched Until It Snaps: Attachment and Close Relationships
van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2010) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00127.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Further Reflections on an Evolutionary Theory of Socialization
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. D., & Draper, P. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01561.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationFurther Reflections on an Evolutionary Theory of Socialization
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. D., & Draper, P. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131169 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Life History Theory and Evolutionary Psychology
Giudice, M. D., Gangestad, S. W., & Kaplan, H. S. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych102 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
The stress acceleration hypothesis: effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior
Callaghan, B. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.018 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
The biology of developmental plasticity and the predictive adaptive response hypothesis
Bateson, P., Gluckman, P., & Hanson, M. (2014) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271460 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Positive Youth Development and Relational‐Developmental‐Systems
Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Bowers, E. P., & Geldhof, G. J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy116 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Developmental Adaptation to Stress: An Evolutionary Perspective
Ellis, B. J., & Giudice, M. D. (2018) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011732 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037398 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Personality and gender differences in global perspective
Schmitt, D. P., Long, A. E., McPhearson, A., O'Brien, K., Remmert, B., & Shah, S. H. (2016) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12265 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
An Evolutionary Life History Framework for Psychopathology
Giudice, M. D. (2014) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.884918 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Cognition in harsh and unpredictable environments
Frankenhuis, W. E., Panchanathan, K., & Nettle, D. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.011 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Processes, Relations, and Relational‐Developmental‐Systems
Overton, W. F. (2015) · Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy102 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Does Early-Life Exposure to Stress Shape or Impair Cognition?
Frankenhuis, W. E., & de Weerth, C. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413484324 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Unpacking “evil”: Claiming the core of the Dark Triad
Book, A. S., Visser, B. A., & Volk, A. A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.016 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Sharp, C., & Fonagy, P. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12449 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Do human ‘life history strategies’ exist?
Sear, R. (2020) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex?
Piekarski, D. J., Johnson, C. M., Boivin, J. R., Thomas, A. W., Lin, W. C., Delevich, K., M. Galarce, E., & Wilbrecht, L. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.042 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Effects of early life stress on amygdala and striatal development
Fareri, D. S., & Tottenham, N. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.04.005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A Life History Theory of Father Absence and Menarche: A Meta-Analysis
Webster, G. D., Graber, J. A., Gesselman, A. N., Crosier, B. S., & Schember, T. O. (2014) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491401200202 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Early-Life Adversity Accelerates Child and Adolescent Development
Belsky, J. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419837670 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationA Multilevel Perspective on the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy317 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Belsky, J., Ruttle, P. L., Boyce, W. T., Armstrong, J. M., & Essex, M. J. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000017 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolved but Not Fixed: A Life History Account of Gender Roles and Gender Inequality
Zhu, N., & Chang, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01709 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Rakesh, D., Whittle, S., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.011 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Evolution and human motivation: A fundamental motives framework
Schaller, M., Kenrick, D. T., Neel, R., & Neuberg, S. L. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12319 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Lerner, R. M., Tirrell, J. M., Dowling, E. M., Geldhof, G. J., Gestsdóttir, S., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., Williams, K. E., Iraheta, G., & Sim, A. T. R. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-018-0093-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Resources, Harshness, and Unpredictability
Jonason, P. K., Icho, A., & Ireland, K. (2016) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704915623699 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Schmitt, D. P. (2014) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09384-0_11 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Luoto, S., Krams, I. A., & Rantala, M. J. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1261-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sear, R., Sheppard, P., & Coall, D. A. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0124 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Evo-devo of human adolescence: beyond disease models of early puberty
Hochberg, Z., & Belsky, J. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-113 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship Trajectories: A Meta-Theoretical Framework and Theoretical Applications
Eastwick, P. W., Finkel, E. J., & Simpson, J. A. (2019) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2019.1577072 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Early life adversity, pubertal timing, and epigenetic age acceleration in adulthood
Hamlat, E. J., Prather, A. A., Horvath, S., Belsky, J., & Epel, E. S. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22085 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationFundamental Concepts and Methods in Developmental Science: A Relational Perspective
Overton, W. F., & Lerner, R. M. (2014) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2014.881086 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Endocrinology of human female sexuality, mating, and reproductive behavior
Motta‐Mena, N. V., & Puts, D. A. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Early adverse experience and substance addiction: Dopamine, oxytocin, and glucocorticoid pathways
Kim, S., Kwok, S., Mayes, L. C., Potenza, M. N., Rutherford, H. J. V., & Strathearn, L. (2017) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13140 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Reduction to Absurdity: Why Epigenetics Invalidates All Models Involving Genetic Reduction
Lerner, R. M., & Overton, W. F. (2017) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000477995 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Evolutionary Foundations of Developmental Psychopathology
Giudice, M. D., & Ellis, B. J. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy201 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Domains of father involvement, social competence and problem behavior in preschool children
Torres, N., Veríssimo, M., Monteiro, L., Ribeiro, O., & dos Santos, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2014.11082006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mell, H., Safra, L., Algan, Y., Baumard, N., & Chevallier, C. (2017) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.08.006 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Under pressure: human adolescents express a pace-of-life syndrome
Lehmann, A. C., Eccard, J. A., Scheffler, C., Kurvers, R. H. J. M., & Dammhahn, M. (2018) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2465-y · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Csathó, Á., & Birkás, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00305 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Lin, C., & Tsai, M. (2015) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-015-9410-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Borderline Personality Disorder
Brüne, M. (2016) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eow002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sexual Risk Behavior in Young Adulthood: Broadening the Scope Beyond Early Sexual Initiation
Epstein, M., Bailey, J. A., Manhart, L. E., Hemphill, S. A., & Hawkins, J. D. (2014) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.849652 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Colich, N. L., Platt, J. M., Keyes, K. M., Sumner, J. A., Allen, N. B., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000953 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Martínez, J. L. C., Hasty, C. R., Morabito, D. M., Maranges, H. M., Schmidt, N. B., & Maner, J. K. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001607 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Intimate partner violence, interpersonal aggression, and life history strategy.
Figueredo, A. J., Jacobs, W. J., Gladden, P. R., Bianchi, J., Patch, E. A., Kavanagh, P. S., Beck, C. J. A., Sotomayor‐Peterson, M., Jiang, Y., & Li, N. P. (2017) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000101 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Parental Care Motivational System and Why It Matters (for Everyone)
Schaller, M. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721418767873 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Secure Infant-Mother Attachment Buffers the Effect of Early-Life Stress on Age of Menarche
Sung, S., Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I., Schlomer, G. L., & Belsky, J. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616631958 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationMcAllister, L. S., Pepper, G. V., Virgo, S., & Coall, D. A. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0151 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Norton, S., & Rahman, Q. (2017) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.08.005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Early-life stress and reproductive cost: A two-hit developmental model of accelerated aging?
Shalev, I., & Belsky, J. (2016) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.03.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationHarsh Environments and “Fast” Human Life Histories: What Does the Theory Say?Preprint
Baldini, R. (2015) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/014647 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The nature and dynamics of world religions: a life-history approach
Baumard, N., & Chevallier, C. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1593 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The challenge of measuring trade-offs in human life history research
Bolund, E. (2020) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Individual differences in developmental plasticity: A role for early androgens?
Giudice, M. D., Barrett, E. S., Belsky, J., Hartman, S., Martel, M. M., Sangenstedt, S., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.025 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, M., Han, J., Shi, J., Ding, H., Wang, K., Kang, C., & Gong, J. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.019 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Accelerated reproduction is not an adaptive response to early-life adversity in wild baboons
Weibel, C. J., Tung, J., Alberts, S. C., & Archie, E. A. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2004018117 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Father Absence and Reproduction-Related Outcomes in Malaysia, a Transitional Fertility Population
Sheppard, P., Snopkowski, K., & Sear, R. (2014) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-014-9195-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Belsky, J., & Shalev, I. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000900 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Advances in the Developmental Aspects of Borderline Personality Disorder
Sharp, C., & Kim, S. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0556-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Beck, D., Whitmore, L. B., MacSweeney, N., Brieant, A. E., Karl, V., de Lange, A. G., Westlye, L. T., Mills, K. L., & Tamnes, C. K. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.019 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Adulthood personality correlates of childhood adversity
Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., McCullough, M. E., Forster, D. E., & Joormann, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01357 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Prenatal smoking and age at menarche: influence of the prenatal environment on the timing of puberty
Behie, A. M., & O’Donnell, M. H. (2015) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dev033 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity revisited—And extended
Hartman, S., & Belsky, J. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000548 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSokol, B. W., Hammond, S. I., Kuebli, J. E., & Sweetman, L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy108 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Amir, D., Jordan, M. R., & Bribiescas, R. G. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155883 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sheppard, P., Garcia, J. R., & Sear, R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089539 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Adversity, Adaptive Calibration, and Health: The Case of Disadvantaged Families
de Baca, T. C., Wahl, R. A., Barnett, M. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2016) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-016-0042-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Do early caregiving experiences leave an enduring or transient mark on developmental adaptation?
Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
External-environmental and internal-health early life predictors of adolescent development
Hartman, S., Li, Z., Nettle, D., & Belsky, J. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001432 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Childhood Maltreatment and Girls' Sexual Behavior: The Mediating Role of Pubertal Timing
Ryan, R. M., Mendle, J., & Markowitz, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.06.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dinh, T. V., Haselton, M. G., & Gangestad, S. W. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.12.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Childhood family disruption and adult height: is there a mediating role of puberty?
Sheppard, P., Garcia, J. R., & Sear, R. (2015) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eov028 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
What Do Evolutionary Models Teach Us About Sensitive Periods in Psychological Development?
Frankenhuis, W. E., & Fraley, R. C. (2017) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000265 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Is Nothing Sacred? Religion, Sex, and Reproductive Strategies
Moon, J. W., Krems, J. A., Cohen, A. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419838242 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lerner, R. M., & Benson, J. B. (2013) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397946-9.00001-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hibel, L. C., Trumbell, J. M., & Mercado, E. (2013) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.11.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Age at Menarche and Age at First Sexual Intercourse: A Prospective Cohort Study
Marino, J. L., Skinner, S. R., Doherty, D. A., Rosenthal, S. L., Robbins, S. C. C., Cannon, J. W., & Hickey, M. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3634 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
An evolutionary life history explanation of sexism and gender inequality
Zhu, N., & Chang, L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109806 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Family environmental antecedents of pubertal timing in girls and boys: A review and open questions
Pham, H. T., DiLalla, L. F., Corley, R. P., Dorn, L. D., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105101 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Frankenhuis, W. E., Gergely, G., & Watson, J. S. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12024 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Maranges, H. M., Hasty, C. R., Martínez, J. L. C., & Maner, J. K. (2022) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-022-00200-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Moya, C., & Sear, R. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.512 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Friends-to-Lovers Pathway to Romance: Prevalent, Preferred, and Overlooked by Science
Stinson, D. A., Cameron, J. J., & Hoplock, L. B. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211026992 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Street, M. E., Ponzi, D., Renati, R., Petraroli, M., D’Alvano, T., Lattanzi, C., Ferrari, V. D., Rollo, D., & Stagi, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1149417 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Bjorklund, D. F., Blasi, C. H., & Ellis, B. J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych238 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Determining the roles of father absence and age at menarche in female psychosocial acceleration
Richardson, G. B., Guardia, A. C. L., & Klay, P. M. (2018) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.03.009 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Concept and Method in Cross-Cultural and Cultural Psychology
Poortinga, Y. H. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908320 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
On the Incongruence between Psychometric and Psychosocial-Biodemographic Measures of Life History
Međedović, J. M. (2020) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-020-09377-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cheraghian, H., Moradian, K., & Nouri, T. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04678-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Life History in a Postconflict Society
Međedović, J. M. (2019) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-018-09336-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Međedović, J. M. (2018) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-018-0157-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hartman, S., Widaman, K. F., & Belsky, J. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000856 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSteppan, M., Whitehead, R., McEachran, J., & Currie, C. E. (2019) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0822-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Environmental risks, life history strategy, and developmental psychology
Yang, A., Zhu, N., Lu, H. J., & Chang, L. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.561 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The early biopsychosocial development of boys and the origins of violence in males
Golding, P., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2019) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21753 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Environmental harshness and unpredictability: Do they affect the same parents and children?
Zhang, X., Schlomer, G. L., Ellis, B. J., & Belsky, J. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942100095x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationLife history strategy and stress: An effect of stressful life events, coping strategies, or both?
van der Linden, D., Dunkel, C. S., Mattie Tops, A., Hengartner, M. P., & Petrou, P. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.024 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Reproductive Responses to Economic Uncertainty
Nolin, D. A., & Ziker, J. P. (2016) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-016-9267-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Life history, code of honor, and emotional responses to inequality in an economic game.
Pedersen, E. J., Forster, D. E., & McCullough, M. E. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0036752 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Belsky, J.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Belsky, Jay
- ORCID
- Belsky, Jay
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 310-316
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2137533583
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 23.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- evolutionary psychology, pubertal timing, family environment, father involvement, differential susceptibility, child development, environmental influences on development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review