The early care environment and DNA methylome variation in childhood
Open accessAbstract
Prenatal adversity shapes child neurodevelopment and risk for later mental health problems. The quality of the early care environment can buffer some of the negative effects of prenatal adversity on child development. Retrospective studies, in adult samples, highlight epigenetic modifications as sentinel markers of the quality of the early care environment; however, comparable data from pediatric cohorts are lacking. Participants were drawn from the Maternal Adversity Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) study, a longitudinal cohort with measures of infant attachment, infant development, and child mental health. Children provided buccal epithelial samples (mean age = 6.99, SD = 1.33 years, n = 226), which were used for analyses of genome-wide DNA methylation and genetic variation. We used a series of linear models to describe the association between infant attachment and (a) measures of child outcome and (b) DNA methylation across the genome. Paired genetic data was used to determine the genetic contribution to DNA methylation at attachment-associated sites. Infant attachment style was associated with infant cognitive development (Mental Development Index) and behavior (Behavior Rating Scale) assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 36 months. Infant attachment style moderated the effects of prenatal adversity on Behavior Rating Scale scores at 36 months. Infant attachment was also significantly associated with a principal component that accounted for 11.9% of the variation in genome-wide DNA methylation. These effects were most apparent when comparing children with a secure versus a disorganized attachment style and most pronounced in females. The availability of paired genetic data revealed that DNA methylation at approximately half of all infant attachment-associated sites was best explained by considering both infant attachment and child genetic variation. This study provides further evidence that infant attachment can buffer some of the negative effects of early adversity on measures of infant behavior. We also highlight the interplay between infant attachment and child genotype in shaping variation in DNA methylation. Such findings provide preliminary evidence for a molecular signature of infant attachment and may help inform attachment-focused early intervention programs.
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Secure attachment as compared to disorganized attachment in human infants accounted for 11.9% of the variation in genome-wide DNA methylation, which might contribute to differential resilience against mental disorders.
“secure attachment as compared to disorganized attachment in human infants accounted for 11.9% of the variation in genome-wide DNA methylation, which might contribute to differential resilience against mental disorders (Garg et al., 2018).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Garg et al., 2018
The Abstract and Figure 2 caption report that infant attachment was associated with a principal component accounting for 11.9% of variation in DNA methylation; they do not say that the secure-versus-disorganized comparison itself explained 11.9%. The Abstract says that comparison was where the effects were most apparent. The Discussion suggests attachment security may buffer adversity in child outcomes, but does not establish that the methylation difference contributes to resilience against mental disorders. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Self-citationStocker, C. M., Masarik, A. S., Widaman, K. F., Reeb, B. T., Boardman, J. D., Smolen, A., Neppl, T. K., & Conger, K. J. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416001310 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Scholtens, S., Rydell, A., Bohlin, G., & Thorell, L. B. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9854-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hartman, S., Widaman, K. F., & Belsky, J. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000856 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Decreased maternal behavior and anxiety in ephrin‐A5−/− mice
Sheleg, M., Yu, Q., Go, C., Wagner, G. C., Kusnecov, A. W., & Zhou, R. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12319 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Schiele, M. A., Gottschalk, M. G., & Domschke, K. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101830 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., Becker, S. P., Bölte, S., Castellanos, F. X., Franke, B., Newcorn, J. H., Nigg, J. T., Rohde, L. A., & Simonoff, E. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13696 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Epigenetics, Development, and Psychopathology
O'Donnell, K. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095530 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal caregiving and DNA methylation in human infants and children: systematic review
Provenzi, L., Brambilla, M., Scotto di Minico, G., Montirosso, R., & Borgatti, R. (2020) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12616 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Acosta, H., Kantojärvi, K., Tuulari, J. J., Lewis, J. D., Hashempour, N., Scheinin, N. M., Lehtola, S. J., Nolvi, S., Fonov, V. S., Collins, D. L., et al. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000275 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Garg, E., Chen, L., Nguyen, T. T. T., Pokhvisneva, I., Chen, L. M., Unternaehrer, E., MacIsaac, J. L., McEwen, L. M., Mah, S. M., Gaudreau, H., Levitan, R., Moss, E., Sokolowski, M. B., Kennedy, J. L., Steiner, M. S., Meaney, M. J., Holbrook, J. D., Silveira, P. P., Karnani, N., Kobor, M. S., O'Donnell, K. J., & Mavan Study Team
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 891-903
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2886293072
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation Brain Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- infant attachment, DNA methylation, prenatal adversity, epigenetics, child mental health, infant cognitive development, disorganized attachment, secure attachment, genetic variation, child behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Family, Female, Genotype, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Object Attachment, Retrospective Studies, Social Environment, DNA Methylation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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