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Relations Between Physiological and Cognitive Regulatory Systems: Infant Sleep Regulation and Subsequent Executive Functioning
Abstract
The aim of this report was to investigate the prospective links between infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning (EF). The authors assessed sleep regulation through a parent sleep diary when children were 12 and 18 months old (N = 60). Child EF was assessed at 18 and 26 months of age. Higher proportions of total sleep occurring at night time, at both 12 and 18 months, were related to better performance on executive tasks, especially those involving a strong impulse control component. Most relations held above family socioeconomic status, prior mental development and concurrent verbal ability. These findings add to previous results with school-age children in suggesting that sleep favors the development of higher order cognitive functions requiring prefrontal cortex involvement.
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“higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 18 months were associated with concurrent working memory scores at 18 months as well as with impulse control at 26 months (Bernier et al. 2010).”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Bernier et al. 2010
In the citing paper
“For example, in a study of infants and toddlers, greater proportions of time spent sleeping during the night relative to the day at 12 months was associated with better performance on tasks of impulse control and conflict-executive functioning (a factor score comprised of working memory, set shifting, and inhibitory control) at 26 months; higher percentages of time spent sleeping during the night”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Bernier et al. 2010
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Self-citationSleep and Social-Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers
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BackgroundInfluentialSleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory
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Heath, A. M., Haszard, J. J., Galland, B. C., Lawley, B., Rehrer, N. J., Drummond, L., Sims, I. M., Taylor, R. W., Otal, A., Taylor, B. J., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0556-0 · Cited by 64
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“For a discussion decrying the lack of consensus on what “sleep quality” means for infants and the need for a new understanding of infant sleep, see Bernier et al. (2010).”
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“…of developing anxiety and major depression in adulthood (Heim & Binder 2012), and parent–infant relationships are reflected in executive functioning (Bernier et al. 2010, Hedges & Woon 2011); similarly, early life adversity is associated with significant cognitive and emotional impairments in mice…”
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“infants who sleep more during the night compared with the day have larger expressive vocabulary at 26 months.(21) Dionne et al found a similar relationship, measuring sleep at 6 and 18 months of age and vocabulary at 18, 30, and 60 months.”
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Self-citationEarly life circadian rhythm disruption in mice alters brain and behavior in adulthood
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“Bernier and colleagues found that sleep at age 1 was associated with EC performance at ages 18 months, 2 years, and 4 years (Bernier et al., 2010, 2013).”
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“Better sleep consolidation and sleep duration are associated with higher language achievement [7], cognition function (executive function, school performance, and multiple domain cognitive functioning), better future performance on executive function tasks [8], fewer current internalizing, and externalizing symptoms […”
BackgroundMindful Family Routines and the Cultivation of Executive Function Skills in Childhood
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“Sleep and diet are both important factors for the development of EF (Bernier et al., 2010).”
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“This process is more pronounced when infants have sleep problems associated with mothers’ sleep difficulties, negative mood, and elevated stress (Bernier et al., 2010).”
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Associations of sleep characteristics with cognitive and gross motor development in toddlers
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“However, sleep duration can be regarded 49 as a marker of maturation as with increasing age infants spend less time asleep and more of 50 their sleep time occurs at night relative to the day (Bernier et al., 2010; Gibson et al., 2012; 51 5 Scher, 2005).”
BackgroundSleep development in preschool predicts executive functioning in early elementary school
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Researcher Choices for Infant Sleep Assessment: Parent Report, Actigraphy, and a Novel Video System
Horger, M. N., Marsiliani, R., DeMasi, A., Allia, A. M., & Berger, S. E. (2021) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2021.1905600 · Cited by 24
Tesfaye, R., Wright, N., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Bedford, R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Kerns, C. M., Duku, E., Mirenda, P., Bennett, T. A., Georgiades, S., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab122 · Cited by 24
Gossé, L. K., Wiesemann, F., Elwell, C. E., & Jones, E. J. H. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101663 · Cited by 24
Baumann, N., Jaekel, J., Breeman, L. D., Bartmann, P., Bäuml, J., Avram, M., Sorg, C., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2019) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12305 · Cited by 26
“These results concur with previous findings linking both early crying, feeding and sleeping problems (Bernier et al., 2010; Hemmi et al., 2011; Sadeh et al., 2015; Schmid & Wolke, 2014; Sivertsen et al., 2015; Williams & Sciberras, 2016) and inhibitory control (Campbell & von Stauffenberg, 2009;…”
ResultBasile, C., Gigliotti, F., Cesario, S., & Bruni, O. (2021) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.11.003 · Cited by 21
Pecora, G., Focaroli, V., Paoletti, M., Barca, L., Chiarotti, F., Borghi, A. M., Gasparini, C., Caravale, B., Bombaci, I., Gastaldi, S., et al. (2022) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101719 · Cited by 27
Universality and context-specificity in early executive function development
Miller, S. E., Galvagno, L. G. G., & Elgier, Á. M. (2023) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101841 · Cited by 25
Zhang, Z., Adamo, K. B., Ogden, N., Goldfield, G. S., Okely, A. D., Kuzik, N., Crozier, M., Hunter, S., Predy, M., & Carson, V. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.037 · Cited by 21
Cook, G., Appleton, J. V., & Wiggs, L. D. (2020) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12739 · Cited by 20
Examining the Interface of Children’s Sleep, Executive Functioning, and Caregiving Relationships
Bernier, A., Matte‐Gagné, C., & Bouvette–Turcot, A. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414534852 · Cited by 20
Self-citationSleep and psychiatric symptoms in young child psychiatric outpatients
Huhdanpää, H., Klenberg, L., Westerinen, H., Fontell, T., & Aronen, E. T. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517718366 · Cited by 22
“Development of executive control may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of sleep loss, as executive control development has a prolonged course of maturation during the preschool years (Bernier et al., 2010; Turnbull et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLalonde, G., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12179 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHails, K. A., Zhou, Y., & Shaw, D. S. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00279-z · Cited by 24
The Brain and Early Experience Study: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study
Mills-Koonce, R., Willoughby, M. T., Short, S. J., & Propper, C. B. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/34854 · Cited by 25
“Bernier et al [32] report that sleep in the first year of life predicts improved EF at 26 months; however, it was not related to other cognitive outcomes such as verbal ability or broader cognitive functioning, suggesting that sleep may be particularly important for EF.”
BackgroundFranco, P., Guyon, A., Stagnara, C., Flori, S., Bat‐Pitault, F., Lin, J., Patural, H., & Plancoulaine, S. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.11.026 · Cited by 18
KNOWLAND, V. C. P., Berens, S. C., GASKELL, M. G., WALKER, S. A., & HENDERSON, L.-M. (2021) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000920000677 · Cited by 20
“We hypothesised (in line with Dionne et al., 2011 and Bernier et al., 2010) that the rate at which sleep shifts from polyphasic to monophasic over 6-to-36 months would positively predict receptive vocabulary at school entry in children participating in the Born in Bradford study.”
ResultAzgomi, H. F., Cajigas, I., & Faghih, R. T. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099027 · Cited by 19
“Although scientists and engineers have performed research in the field of emotion regulation [49]–[51], [79]–[81], the present work is one of the first to present a simulation environment for designing closed-loop control algorithms based on the inferred arousal state.”
BackgroundMäkelä, T. E., Peltola, M. J., Nieminen, P., Paavonen, E. J., Saarenpää‐Heikkilä, O., Paunio, T., & Kylliäinen, A. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000503 · Cited by 19
Koss, K. J., Lawler, J. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001226 · Cited by 21
Nieto, M., Motos, B., Bravo, B. N., Jiménez, M. V. J., Fernández‐Aguilar, L., Ros, L., Ricarte, J. J., & Latorre, J. M. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12801 · Cited by 21
The association between infant sleep, cognitive, and psychomotor development: a systematic review
Butler, B., Burdayron, R., Goder, G. M., Lewis, C., Vendette, M., Khoury, B., & Pennestri, M. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae174 · Cited by 21
“A similar pattern was observed for total sleep duration over 24 hours, where 6 [56, 63, 64, 67, 68, 73] out of 7 studies failed to find a SA with developmental outcomes, and 1 [57] found MRs. Daytime sleep duration exhibited a more variable pattern, with six [59, 62, 66, 67, 70, 79] studies…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialToddler naps in child care: associations with demographics and developmental outcomes
Burnham, M. M., GAYLOR, E. E., & Wei, X. (2016) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.12.004 · Cited by 18
Night Awakening and Its Association With Executive Functioning Across the First Two Years of Life
Mäkelä, T. E., Peltola, M. J., Saarenpää‐Heikkilä, O., Himanen, S., Paunio, T., Paavonen, E. J., & Kylliäinen, A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13326 · Cited by 18
“In addition, Sadeh et al. (2015) measured night awakenings with actigraphy whereas Bernier et al. (2010) measured night awakenings with sleep diaries that were filled by mothers.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Bordeleau, S., & Carrier, J.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bernier, Annie
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-11-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1739-1752
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2099204097
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- executive function, sleep duration, nocturnal sleep, impulse control, prefrontal cortex development, cognitive development, sleep physiology, socioeconomic status, verbal ability
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Medical Records, Neuropsychological Tests, Parents, Prospective Studies, Sleep, Social Class, Verbal Learning, Behavior Control, Executive Function
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