Cited by 638Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children's internalizing symptoms: a meta-analytic study

Groh, Ashley M, Roisman, Glenn I, van IJzendoorn, Marinus H, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J, Fearon, R Pasco·2012·Child Development

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x

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Abstract

This meta-analytic review examines the association between attachment and internalizing symptomatology during childhood, and compares the strength of this association with that for externalizing symptomatology. Based on 42 independent samples (N = 4,614), the association between insecurity and internalizing symptoms was small, yet significant (d = 0.15, CI 0.06∼0.25) and not moderated by assessment age of internalizing problems. Avoidance, but not resistance (d = 0.03, CI −0.11∼0.17) or disorganization (d = 0.08, CI −0.06∼0.22), was significantly associated with internalizing symptoms (d = 0.17, CI 0.03∼0.31). Insecurity and disorganization were more strongly associated with externalizing than internalizing symptoms. Discussion focuses on the significance of attachment for the development of internalizing versus externalizing symptomatology.

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“…adjustment (Hinder-lie & Kenny, 2002), depressive symptoms (Kenny & Sirin, 2006), eating disorders (Jewell et al., 2016), internalising disorders (Groh et al., 2012), psychological distress (Kenny et al., 2002), self-image (Kenny et al., 2005), and suicidal behaviour (Fergusson et al., 2000).”
Validation of Parenting Your Baby and Parenting Your Toddler and Associations with Engagement in Parenting Intervention
Guyon‐Harris, K. L., Rosas, J. M., Dolcini-Catania, L. G., Mendelsohn, A. L., Morris, P., Gill, A. M., & Shaw, D. S. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02484-x · Cited by 5
“Such parenting behaviors are essential for promoting optimal child development (Fearon et al., 2010; Feldman, 2012; Groh et al., 2012; King et al., 2019; van IJzendoorn et al., 1995).”
Background
Trust-Based Relational Intervention® (TBRI®) Impact for Traumatized Children—Meaningful Change on Attachment Security and Mental Health after One Year
Misevičė, M., Gervinskaitė-Paulaitienė, L., Lesinskienė, S., & Grauslienė, I. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11040411 · Cited by 5
“Despite different research designs and measures of attachment, we have a clear understanding of the links between attachment and cognitive, social, and emotional development; school adjustment; self-awareness; emotional regulation; and peer relationships [2,5–12].”
Background
Mother phubbing and adolescent loneliness: A three-way moderation model involving attachment anxiety and need to belong
Nie, J., Wang, J., Yin, L., Wang, W., Zhang, G., & Wang, P. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107878 · Cited by 8
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“…have shown that secure attachments are associated with healthier psychosocial functioning, whereas insecure attachments are associated with internalizing problems (Groh et al. 2012) and both insecure and disorganized attachment are associated with externalizing problems (Fearon et al. 2010).”
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Fathers in Child Psychotherapy
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“It may also be due to insecure attachment styles and more difficult relationships with parents that have been associated with psychopathology during childhood and adolescence (62,63).”
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Attachment and mentalization in contemporary psychodynamic psychotherapy
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“The association between these factors and the development of childhood DP symptoms may be explained by their potential impact on the formation of secure attachment with parents (Bilgin & Wolke, 2020), which in turn has been linked to the emergence of DP symptoms (Groh et al., 2012).”
Association of Attachment and Reflective Function with Baseline Symptoms in Child and Adolescent Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Schmidt, F., Fiorini, G. P., da Costa, A. A., Brenner, E. B., Bittencourt, L. Z., & Ramires, V. R. R. (2022) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2022.2090212 · Cited by 5
“Although the present study did not aim to investigate causal relations, our results reinforce the theoretical assumption of insecure attachments as a risk factor for the development of psychopathology (Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Self-Report Questionnaire Measuring Attachment in School-Age Children: The Attachment in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (AMCQ)
Marci, T., Moscardino, U. M. M., Santona, A. M. R., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Altoè, G. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120978813 · Cited by 4
“However, it does not allow to directly measure insecurity (i.e., anxiety and avoidance), which has been shown to contribute to a number of maladjustment outcomes in both infancy and middle childhood (Cassidy & Shaver, 2016; Groh et al., 2012).”
Background
The Relationship of Temperament and Character, Parental Stress, and Mental Health Problems with Attachment Disorders among Children
Schröder, M., Seker, S., d’Huart, D., İzat, Y., Bolten, M. I., Schmeck, K., & Schmid, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315458 · Cited by 4

Authors: Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Leiden
University of Reading
Corresponding author: Groh, Ashley M
ORCID: Groh, Ashley M
Roisman, Glenn I
Venue: Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2012-03-01
Volume: 83
Issue: 2
Pages: 591-610
ISSN: 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
1467-8624
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x
OpenAlex: W2118748762
Semantic Scholar: 1aaa3cc6768aac1af795b29740f57ac8c88a734e
Cited by: 638
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, childhood, attachment avoidance, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Defense Mechanisms, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Disorders, Social Behavior Disorders, Somatoform Disorders, Statistics as Topic, Reactive Attachment Disorder

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The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children's internalizing symptoms: a meta-analytic study

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