Cited by 638Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children's internalizing symptoms: a meta-analytic study

Groh, Ashley M, Roisman, Glenn I, van IJzendoorn, Marinus H, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J, Fearon, R Pasco·2012·Child Development

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x

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Abstract

This meta-analytic review examines the association between attachment and internalizing symptomatology during childhood, and compares the strength of this association with that for externalizing symptomatology. Based on 42 independent samples (N = 4,614), the association between insecurity and internalizing symptoms was small, yet significant (d = 0.15, CI 0.06∼0.25) and not moderated by assessment age of internalizing problems. Avoidance, but not resistance (d = 0.03, CI −0.11∼0.17) or disorganization (d = 0.08, CI −0.06∼0.22), was significantly associated with internalizing symptoms (d = 0.17, CI 0.03∼0.31). Insecurity and disorganization were more strongly associated with externalizing than internalizing symptoms. Discussion focuses on the significance of attachment for the development of internalizing versus externalizing symptomatology.

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BackgroundResultInfluential
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“First, parents may not have the knowledge and expertise required to detect all types of infant psychosocial difficulties, especially in the case of internalizing symptoms that may be easily overlooked (Groh et al., 2012).”
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Stern, J. A., Jones, J. D., Nortey, B. M., Lejuez, C. W., & Cassidy, J. A. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1976924 · Cited by 13
“toms in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (see Dagan et al., 2018; Groh et al., 2012; Madigan et al., 2013; Spruit et al., 2020).”
Background
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“Previous studies showed that children raised by insecure parents have more internalizing and externalizing problems (Ali et al., 2019; Groh et al., 2012; Spruit et al., 2020), emotional disorders including depression and anxiety (Bri`ere et al., 2013; Cooke et al., 2019), displayed conduct-problems…”
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“Furthermore, many tools (e.g., questionnaires) do not capture attachment disorganization, which is the strongest predictor of psychopathological outcomes (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Madigan et al., 2016).”
Background
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Luo, Y., vanMarle, K., & Groh, A. M. (2024) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916241262693 · Cited by 15
“…insecure attachment in infancy poses risk for poorer peer relationships, externalizing problems, and (to a lesser extent) inter-nalizing symptoms across the early life course (Deneault et al., 2021; Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Groh, Fearon, et al., 2014; Madigan et al., 2013).”
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“, 2022), internalizing symptoms (Groh et al., 2012), externalizing symptoms (Fearon et al.”
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“…meta-analyses that have identified infant attachment insecurity as a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and infant disorganization as a risk factor for externalizing (but not internalizing) problems, especially for boys (Fearon et al., 2010, 2016; Groh et al., 2012).”
Background
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“Likewise, both stressful life events and compromised representations of security and safety are related to child behavior problems (Crnic et al., 2005; Groh et al., 2014, 2012).”
Background
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“Groh et al. (2012) did not find a significant association between disorganization overall and internalizing behavior problems, yet another study found that insecure/other attachment, but not controlling attachment, was linked to internalizing behavior problems (E. O’Connor et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResult
Parent–child attachment security is associated with preschoolers’ memory accuracy for emotional life events through sensitive parental reminiscing
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“Together, these findings support past research linking poor attachments and lower age with increased risk of criminality (Farrington, 1995; Groh et al., 2012; Hoeve et al., 2012).”
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“In turn, those who have an anxious attachmentmay develop a negative representation of the self in the close relationship, showing lower levels of self-esteem, self-worth and well-being, and then exhibit depressive thoughts and feelings leading to depressive symptoms (Groh et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“There is also a large body of evidence documenting longitudinal links between insecure and disor-ganised attachment in infancy/toddlerhood and a range of social-emotional, mental health and functional outcomes in middle childhood and adolescence [32, 39, 58].”

Authors: Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Leiden
University of Reading
Corresponding author: Groh, Ashley M
ORCID: Groh, Ashley M
Roisman, Glenn I
Venue: Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2012-03-01
Volume: 83
Issue: 2
Pages: 591-610
ISSN: 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
1467-8624
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x
OpenAlex: W2118748762
Semantic Scholar: 1aaa3cc6768aac1af795b29740f57ac8c88a734e
Cited by: 638
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: insecure attachment, disorganized attachment, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, childhood, attachment avoidance, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Defense Mechanisms, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Assessment, Personality Disorders, Social Behavior Disorders, Somatoform Disorders, Statistics as Topic, Reactive Attachment Disorder

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The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children's internalizing symptoms: a meta-analytic study

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