Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence.

In two studies by Zvara et al., mothers with childhood sexual abuse histories were observed to show less sensitive parenting.

“mothers who experienced CSA were observed to exhibit less sensitive parenting”

• cites Zvara et al., 2015 sourceSupported
• cites Zvara, Mills-Koonce, & Cox, 2017 sourceDisputed

  The Results (Sensitive parenting and the moderating role of child sex; page unavailable) found no significant overall difference in observed sensitive parenting between mothers with and without childhood sexual trauma histories. Instead, mothers with trauma histories were significantly more sensitive toward daughters than sons, so the unqualified claim that they exhibited less sensitive parenting misstates this study's finding. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Several narrative reviews over the past 30 years have frequently noted limited methodological rigor in studies of intergenerational maltreatment.

“Several narrative reviews over the past 30 years have evaluated the literature that addresses this question, frequently noting the limited methodological rigor of the contributing studies”

• cites Kaufman & Zigler, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ertem et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Thornberry et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports 31 publications reviewing this literature and describes the underlying studies as methodologically weak. But it says many reviews did not evaluate the studies’ methodological rigor, rather than frequently noting that limitation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Compromised parenting behaviors are associated with increased risk for negative social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes among children.

“these other forms of compromised parenting are also associated with increased risk for negative social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes among children”

• cites Gershoff et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that early spanking was associated with increased externalizing behavior across the racial and ethnic groups studied. That supports the behavioral-outcomes part of the claim, but the paper does not establish the broader claim about other compromised parenting behaviors or social and emotional outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Kawabata et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pinquart, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Several studies document a dose response in which multiple types of childhood victimization and/or repeated instances of maltreatment were associated with the greatest risk of adult perpetration.

“Several studies document a dose response in which multiple types of childhood victimization and/or repeated instances of maltreatment were associated with the greatest risk of adult perpetration”

• cites Ben-David et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that people with two or more childhood reports of neglect or mixed maltreatment types had much higher rates of alleged perpetration; the Discussion says sustained exposure, particularly neglect, was most critical. This supports the repeated-maltreatment component, but the paper does not establish the claimed dose-response pattern across multiple types of victimization or show that several studies documented it. The study concerns alleged perpetration in young adulthood in a low-income sample. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Chung et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) report that increasing numbers of adverse childhood experiences were associated with higher rates of infant spanking, and the Discussion reports a 1.6-times higher likelihood among mothers with at least two such experiences. The study supports a dose-response association for this specific form of adult behavior, but it does not establish the broader claim about adult perpetration or a dose response for repeated instances of maltreatment. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Dubowitz et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Three studies of relatively large community samples found an association between reported past childhood physical abuse and use of physical punishment when other types of maltreatment and sociodemographic risk factors were included in the model.

“Three studies of relatively large community samples found an association between reported experiences of past CPA and the use of physical punishment when other types of maltreatment and sociodemographic risk factors were included in the model”

• cites Barrett, 2009, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cappell & Heiner, 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Umeda et al., 2015 sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Other studies found similar associations between witnessing intimate partner violence as a child and use of physical discipline.

“Others found similar associations between witnessing IPV as a child and use of physical discipline”

• cites Al Dosari et al., 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Barrett, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Cappell & Heiner, 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

These cumulative findings held even after controlling for other child and adult risk factors.

“These findings held even after controlling for other child and adult risk factors”

• cites Ben-David et al., 2015 sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Among a large ethnically-diverse sample of young adult parents with and without reports of child abuse and neglect prior to age 12, repeated instances of neglect or multiple types of abuse experiences were associated with adult perpetration of abuse or neglect, controlling for other child and adult risk factors.

“For example, among a large, ethnically-diverse sample of young adult parents with and without reports of child abuse and neglect prior to the age of 12, repeated instances of neglect or multiple types of abuse experiences were associated with adult perpetration of abuse or neglect, controlling for other child and adult risk factors”

• cites Ben-David et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.

In a small subset of studies, problematic non-abusive parenting practices or characteristics (e.g., hostility or low parenting confidence) mediate the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and child psychopathology.

“In a small subset of studies, problematic but non-abusive parenting practices or characteristics (e.g., hostility or low parenting confidence) have been found to mediate the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and child psychopathology”

• cites Plant et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s introductory discussion reports that earlier studies found maladaptive parenting to mediate the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and offspring difficulties. Its Mediation analysis and Independent mediating effects sections find that maladaptive parenting—including hostility—mediated only in a pathway following postnatal depression, not independently. The paper does not identify low parenting confidence as a mediator, and its parenting measure also includes slapping, so it does not fully support the examples as exclusively non-abusive practices. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Studies examining additive effects of multiple maltreatment experiences consistently indicated that a history of childhood abuse, neglect, and/or interparental violence was associated with greater likelihood of perpetrating physical abuse or neglect on one's children.

“Studies in which the additive effects of multiple maltreatment experiences were examined consistently indicated that a history of childhood abuse, neglect, and/or interparental violence was associated with greater likelihood of perpetrating physical abuse or neglect on one’s children”

• cites Banyard et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ben-David, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Chung et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Results and Discussion report that mothers with two or more adverse childhood experiences were more likely to spank their 11-month-old infants. That supports an association with a form of physical punishment, but the study did not assess childhood neglect or whether mothers perpetrated physical abuse or neglect of their children. It also cannot establish that multiple studies consistently found the claimed result. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Four studies found that a history of sexual abuse, physical abuse, or having a violent parent was associated with neglectful parenting.

“Four studies examined the association of parents’ childhood abuse experiences with their subsequent neglect of their children, finding that a history of sexual abuse, physical abuse or having a violent parent was associated with neglectful parenting”

• cites Ethier et al., 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kim, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Libby et al., 2008 sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Another prospective study found evidence of mediation by adolescent problem behaviors and precocious transitions.

“while the other found evidence of mediation by adolescent problem behaviors, and “precocious transitions” (i.e., school drop-out; independent living) (Augustyn et al., 2019).”

• cites Augustyn et al., 2019 sourceSupported

In prospective studies, the combined effects of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, and/or witnessing violence predict parents' use of severe physical discipline, child neglect, and reports to protective services.

“followed from childhood into adulthood found that the combined effects of sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect and/or witnessing violence predicted parents’ use of severe physical discipline, child neglecting behavior, and reports to protective services (Banyard et al., 2003; Milaniak & Widom, 2015).”

• cites Banyard et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Milaniak & Widom, 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Method and Discussion describe a prospective cohort in which documented childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect predicted later perpetration of child abuse. The paper does not identify witnessing violence as an exposure or report the claimed outcomes of severe physical discipline, child-neglecting behavior, and reports to protective services; its child-abuse outcome used self-reports and arrest records. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Mothers' experiences of adult IPV consistently mediate the relationship between reported past childhood maltreatment and use of physical and psychological aggression as a parent across demographically varied samples.

“Further, mothers’ experiences of adult IPV have consistently – and across demographically varied samples – mediated the relationship between reported past childhood maltreatment and use of physical and psychological aggression as a parent (Barrett, 2010; Frías-Armenta & McCloskey, 1998; Fulu et al., 2017; Miranda, de la Osa, Granero, & Ezpeleta, 2013; Schuetze & Eiden, 2005).”

• cites Barrett, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Frías-Armenta & McCloskey, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fulu et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Results describe a pathway from women’s childhood maltreatment through their experience of physical IPV to harsh parenting. But the Discussion says harsh parenting was measured only as smacking or beating, not psychological aggression. This multi-country study also does not establish that the mediation occurs consistently across demographically varied samples. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Only a small percentage of adults who were abused as children abuse their own children.

“in fact, only a small percentage of adults who were abused as children abuse their own children (Augustyn et al., 2019; Egeland et al., 1988; Madigan et al., 2019).”

• cites Augustyn et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports that 84% of childhood-limited victims and 66% of adolescent victims did not subsequently engage in maltreating behaviors, supporting the point that most did not become perpetrators. But the corresponding 34% for adolescent victims is not clearly a small percentage, and the study measured substantiated maltreatment of a child, not specifically abuse of participants’ own children (Data and Method, Maltreatment measures). (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Egeland et al., 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Madigan et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Most tests of mediation by depression and PTSD symptoms were unsupported.

“most tests of mediation were unsupported (Banyard et al., 2003; Libby et al., 2008; Pears & Capaldi, 2001; Zuravin & Fontanella, 1999).”

• cites Banyard et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Libby et al., 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) say lifetime depression did not meet the mediation criteria in either tribe, supporting the claim for depression. The Methods and Results describe tests of lifetime diagnoses, not mediation by PTSD symptoms; the Results also report several supported mediation effects for substance use disorder. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

One prospective study found no relationship between adolescent delinquency or substance use and subsequent perpetration of child physical maltreatment.

“One found no relationship between adolescent delinquency or substance use and subsequent perpetration of child physical maltreatment (Capaldi et al., 2019)”

• cites Capaldi et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that neither delinquency nor substance use significantly predicted later physical maltreatment of the participants’ children. However, those behaviors were measured in adulthood, when the children were age 3, not during adolescence. The claim is therefore supported for the finding but not for the timing of the predictors. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Adults' depression and PTSD symptoms contribute unique variance to abusive parenting practices.

“While adults’ depression and PTSD symptoms have been found to contribute unique variance to abusive parenting practices (e.g., Banyard et al., 2003; Libby et al., 2008; Pears & Capaldi, 2001)”

• cites Banyard et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Libby et al., 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Table 3; page not provided) show that lifetime depression was associated with lower parenting satisfaction in multivariate models of two American Indian tribes. The paper does not establish that depression or PTSD symptoms contribute unique variance to abusive parenting practices: it reports no PTSD analysis, and its measured outcomes were parenting satisfaction and role impairment. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Attitudes related to corporal punishment did not moderate relationships between childhood abuse/neglect and physical punishment.

“nor did attitudes related to corporal punishment (Chung et al., 2009).”

• cites Chung et al., 2009 sourceCould not verify

  The Methods (Statistical Analysis) test whether corporal-punishment attitudes mediated the association between childhood physical abuse and infant spanking, and the Discussion says they did not. Mediation is distinct from moderation; the passages do not report a moderation test. The study also does not identify neglect among the childhood experiences it measured. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Fulu et al. (2017) found direct and indirect pathways from witnessed abuse of one's mother, child maltreatment, and adult IPV victimization to physical abuse of one's child.

“Fulu et al. (2017) found direct and indirect pathways from witnessed abuse of one’s mother, child maltreatment, and adult IPV victimization to physical abuse of one’s child.”

• cites Fulu et al., 2017 sourceSupported

Adults with childhood maltreatment histories are 2.5 to 3 times more likely to perpetrate child physical abuse than adults without such histories, whether measured by arrest reports or self-reports.

“Adults with child maltreatment histories were 2.5–3 times more likely to perpetrate CPA than adults without such experiences, whether documented by arrest reports or self-reports of abusive behavior (Milaniak & Widom, 2015).”

• cites Milaniak & Widom, 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion reports that adults with childhood abuse or neglect histories were almost three times more likely than matched controls to perpetrate child abuse, using a measure combining arrests and self-reports. But the Results report separate adjusted odds ratios of 1.55 for arrests and 1.61 for self-reports, not 2.5–3 for each measure. The Methods specify physical behavior for the self-report item but describe the arrest measure only as arrests for child abuse, so the physical-abuse qualifier is not established for both measures. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Women reporting past CSA exhibited more intrusive parenting behaviors during observed interaction with young children compared to matched controls.

“Zvara, Meltzer-Brody, Mills-Koonce, and Cox (2017); Zvara, Mills-Koonce, Appleyard Carmody, and Cox (2015) found that women reporting past CSA exhibited more intrusive parenting behaviors during an observed interaction with their young children compared to 99 matched controls.”

• cites Zvara et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zvara et al., 2015 sourceSupported

Rodriguez and Tucker (2011) did not find an association between CPA and problematic parenting in a small study of mothers.

“Similarly, Rodriguez and Tucker (2011) did not find an association between CPA and problematic parenting in a small study of mothers.”

• cites Rodriguez & Tucker, 2011 sourceSupported

Zvara and colleagues did not find that income, education, marital stability, or child sex attenuated the effect of past CSA on harsh parenting.

“In contrast, Zvara and colleagues (Zvara et al., 2015; Zvara, Mills-Koonce, & Cox, 2017) did not find that income, education, marital stability or child sex attenuated the effect of past CSA on harsh parenting.”

• cites Zvara et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not given) says that higher income, higher education, and stable adult relationships did not attenuate the potential effects of childhood sexual trauma on parenting. The Results report more harsh intrusive parenting among mothers with trauma histories, but the paper’s moderation analyses address income, education, and marital instability—not child sex. The child-sex portion of the claim is therefore unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Zvara et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In a community sample of 173 mothers oversampled for childhood maltreatment and their 6-month-old children, no relationships emerged between any type of child maltreatment and observed hostile parenting.

“Further, among a community sample of 173 mothers oversampled for childhood maltreatment and their 6-month old children, no relationships emerged between reported histories of any type of child maltreatment and observed hostile parenting (Huth-Bocks, Muzik, Beeghly, Earls, & Stacks, 2014; Sexton, Davis, Menke, Raggio, & Muzik, 2017).”

• cites Huth-Bocks et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report no significant association between maternal childhood maltreatment severity and negative parenting; the Discussion clarifies that negative parenting here means hostile-intrusive parenting. But the Method describes 115 mothers in this analysis, with maternal behavior assessed at 7 months, not 173 mothers with 6-month-old children. The reported analysis concerns overall maltreatment severity, not separate relationships for every type of maltreatment. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sexton et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Potential protective factors such as income, education, and marital stability did not attenuate the effects of CSA on intrusive parenting.

“Potential protective factors (income, education, marital stability) did not attenuate the effects, but other forms of childhood maltreatment were not assessed.”

• cites Zvara et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zvara et al., 2015 sourceSupported
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Three studies supported indirect models in which maternal mental health mediated the link between childhood maltreatment and sensitive parenting.

“three studies found support for indirect models in which maternal mental health mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and sensitive parenting (Pereira et al., 2012; Spieker et al., 2018; Zvara, Meltzer-Brody, et al., 2017)”

• cites Pereira et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Spieker et al., 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report a pathway from parental childhood adversity to depressive symptoms to sensitivity to child distress, supporting the cited indirect model in part. The study measured broader childhood adversity rather than maltreatment specifically, and depression was not associated with sensitivity to non-distress. The Discussion also calls the evidence for depression’s mediating role modest because adversity and depression were measured concurrently. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Zvara, Meltzer-Brody, et al., 2017 sourceSupported

In several other studies of mothers and infants, composite childhood maltreatment measures were not associated with observed positive parenting.

“composite reports of childhood maltreatment were not associated with observed positive parenting (Huth-Bocks et al., 2014; Moehler et al., 2007; Sexton et al., 2017; Zajac et al., 2019)”

• cites Huth-Bocks et al., 2014 sourceSupported
• cites Moehler et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sexton et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In the only prospective study in this area, childhood abuse and neglect were associated with both observed and interview-rated supportive parenting in a sample of 122 parents followed from birth.

“childhood experiences of abuse and neglect were associated with both observed and interview-rated supportive parenting among a group of 122 parents followed from birth (Labella et al., 2019)”

• cites Labella et al., 2019 sourceSupported

With one exception, studies in this section relied on retrospective reporting of parental childhood maltreatment.

“with one exception (Labella et al., 2019), studies in this section relied on retrospective reporting of parental childhood maltreatment.”

• cites Labella et al., 2019 sourceSupported

There are indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and lower levels of positive parenting behaviors and affect via mothers' mental health.

“indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and lower levels of positive parenting behaviors and affect via mothers’ mental health”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.

Parents who report having experienced physical abuse or witnessed violence in the home during childhood are at increased risk of reporting that they engage in abusive or neglectful parenting.

“parents who report experiencing physical abuse or witnessing violence in the home during childhood are at increased risk for reporting that they engage in abusive or neglectful parenting”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.

Reported childhood maltreatment is associated with problematic role reversal with, rejection of, and withdrawal from children.

“associations between reported childhood maltreatment experiences and parents’ problematic role reversal with, rejection of, and withdrawal from their children”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.

There are indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and abusive parenting via adult intimate partner violence.

“indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and abusive parenting via adult intimate partner violence”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.

Adults who report multiple types or repeated instances of childhood victimization are at greatest risk of perpetrating child abuse.

“a cumulative effect of maltreatment experiences, such that adults who report experiencing multiple types or repeated instances of victimization are at greatest risk for perpetrating child abuse”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.

Strong evidence emerged in support of the cumulative impact of multiple types of child victimization and/or repeated instances of maltreatment in childhood.

“Strong evidence emerged in support of the cumulative impact of multiple types of child victimization and/ or repeated instances of maltreatment in childhood.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Among a small sample of low-income adolescent mothers, neglectful mothers were not more likely than non-neglectful mothers to report having been neglected or beaten.

“Although amongst a small sample of low-income adolescent mothers, neglectful mothers were not more likely than non-neglectful mothers to report having been neglected or beaten”

• cites Zuravin & DiBlasio, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Kim et al. (2010) found a small inverse relationship between mothers' reported childhood sexual abuse experiences and their use of punitive discipline.

“Kim, Pears, Fisher, Connelly, and Landsverk (2010) found a small inverse relationship between mothers’ reported CSA experiences and their use of punitive discipline.”

• cites Kim et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Zvara et al. (2017) found no differences in child-directed physical aggression between mothers with childhood sexual trauma and matched controls.

“Using a more robust semi-structured interview, Zvara, Mills-Koonce, & Cox (2017) found no differences in child-directed physical aggression between a group of mothers with childhood sexual trauma experiences and a group of matched controls.”

• cites Zvara et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Physically abusive parents were more likely to report childhood physical abuse experiences than non-abusive parents.

“Likewise, physically abusive parents were more likely to report childhood physical abuse (CPA) experiences than non-abusive parents.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

A limitation of all studies assessing only a single form of childhood victimization is that they did not control for other co-occurring experiences of childhood maltreatment.

“A limitation of all these studies is the fact that they did not control for other, co-occurring, experiences of childhood maltreatment.”

Among a large nationally representative sample, mothers who experienced both physical abuse and witnessed intimate partner violence were twice as likely to physically abuse their children compared to mothers who experienced just one form of violence.

“Among a large, nationally representative sample, mothers who experienced both physical abuse and witnessed IPV were twice as likely to physically abuse their children compared to mothers who experienced just one form of violence”

• cites Heyman & Slep, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Across studies assessing only a single form of childhood victimization, parents who reported experiencing physical abuse in childhood were more likely than non-abused parents to report engaging in physically aggressive behaviors toward their child.

“across these studies researchers consistently found that parents who reported experiencing physical abuse in childhood were more likely than non-abused parents to report engaging in physically aggressive behaviors toward their child.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Findings were mixed for the impact of childhood sexual abuse.

“Findings were mixed for the impact of childhood sexual abuse (CSA).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

In a large nationally representative community sample, adolescent mothers with a history of childhood neglect were 2.6 times more likely to report neglectful parenting than those without, controlling for other risk factors including physical abuse.

“in a large, nationally representative community sample adolescent mothers with a history of childhood neglect were 2.6 times more likely to report neglectful parenting than those who did not, controlling for other risk factors, including having been physically abused”

• cites Kim, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Jackson et al. (1999) identified a unique effect of witnessing intimate partner violence on use of physical discipline among a community sample of parents.

“Jackson et al. (1999) identified a unique effect of witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) on the use of physical discipline among a community sample of parents.”

• cites Jackson et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Collin-Vézina et al. (2005) found no association between maternal childhood sexual abuse and use of physical punishment among 93 Canadian mothers referred to youth protection services.

“In contrast, Collin-Vézina, Cyr, Pauzé, and McDuff (2005) found no association between maternal CSA and use of physical punishment among 93 Canadian mothers referred to youth protection services.”

• cites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Banyard (1997) found a positive association between childhood sexual abuse and use of physical punishment among low-income women including CPS-referred and matched controls, controlling for physical abuse and neglect.

“Controlling for CPA and neglect, Banyard (1997) found a positive association between CSA and the use of physical punishment among a sample of low-income women that included women referred to child protective services (CPS) and matched controls.”

• cites Banyard, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

In cluster analysis, physically abusive parents tended to report greater levels of cumulative abuse histories compared with parents who scored low on use of physical discipline.

“Further, in cluster analysis, physically abusive parents tended to report greater levels of cumulative abuse histories compared with parents who scored low on the use of physical discipline”

• cites Thompson et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

Three studies suggest mothers reporting CSA may be more likely to be highly emotionally involved with their children and rely heavily on them to meet emotional needs.

“Three of these studies suggest that mothers who report having experienced CSA may be more likely to be highly emotionally involved with their children and to rely heavily on their children to meet their emotional needs (Alexander et al., 2000; Burkett, 1991; Rea & Shaffer, 2016).”

• cites Alexander et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Burkett, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a study of 127 low-income African-American mothers, mothers with a history including CSA reported less role-reversal than mothers with only CPA or no abuse history.

“in a study of 127 low-income, African-American mothers of school aged children, mothers with a history that included CSA reported that they engaged in less role-reversal with their children compared with mothers with a history of only CPA or no abuse history.”

• cites Marcenko et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

One study found mental health symptoms moderated risk of intergenerational transmission for parents who experienced childhood victimization, but not in the expected direction.

“One study found that mental health symptoms moderated the risk of intergenerational transmission for parents who experienced childhood victimization, but not in the expected direction.”

Cultural factors such as familism, machismo, and valuing children did not moderate relationships between childhood abuse/neglect and physical punishment among a diverse sample.

“Finally, cultural factors (familism, machismo, valuing children) did not moderate relationships between childhood abuse/neglect and physical punishment among a diverse sample of parents (Ferrari, 2002)”

• cites Ferrari, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Associations between mothers' and fathers' childhood experiences of psychological aggression and corporal punishment and their use of these strategies with preschool children were stronger when parenting stress was high.

“Associations between both mothers’ and fathers’ childhood experiences of psychological aggression and corporal punishment and their use of these strategies with their preschool aged children were stronger when parenting stress was high (Niu et al., 2018).”

• cites Niu et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Supportive relationships did not mediate the relationship between physical or sexual abuse in childhood and use of punitive discipline.

“Relatedly, supportive relationships also did not mediate physical or sexual abuse in childhood and use of punitive discipline. (Banyard et al., 2003).”

• cites Banyard et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Pears and Capaldi (2001) found that high childhood abuse coupled with high depression and PTSD symptoms made parents less likely to abuse their children.

“Pears and Capaldi (2001) found that high levels of abuse in parents’ childhood coupled with high levels of depression and PTSD symptoms made it less likely that parents would abuse their children”

• cites Pears & Capaldi, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Education is inversely associated with aggressive parenting of boys but not girls, for both mothers and fathers.

“Education, however, was inversely associated with aggressive parenting of boys (but not girls) for both mothers and fathers.”

• cites Simons et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Controlling for beliefs, hostile personality, income, and education, the direct relationship between experiencing aggressive parenting in childhood and engaging in aggressive parenting in adulthood remained significant.

“Controlling for all these factors, the direct relationship between experiencing aggressive parenting in childhood and engaging in aggressive parenting in adulthood remained significant, suggesting that alternative pathways warrant investigation.”

• cites Simons et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Fathers with a history of physical childhood abuse are significantly more likely to hit their own children.

“several authors found a significant association between fathers’ history of physical childhood abuse and hitting their own children (Ellonen et al., 2017; Heyman & Slep, 2002; Simons et al., 1991)”

• cites Ellonen et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Heyman & Slep, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Simons et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Studies of parental mental health symptoms as mediators report more mixed findings than studies of IPV.

“Studies of parental mental health symptoms as mediators of the relationship between childhood victimization and parental perpetration report more mixed findings than those for IPV.”

Parenting stress moderated the intergenerational transmission of abuse among a large sample of middle-class Chinese parents.

“In contrast, parenting stress moderated the intergenerational transmission of abuse among a large sample of middle-class Chinese parents.”

• cites Niu et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In primarily low-income African-American mothers, depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between past CSA and punitive discipline.

“The only exception was a study of primarily low-income, African-American mothers by Schuetze and Eiden (2005) in which depressive symptoms were found to mediate the relationship between past CSA and use of punitive discipline.”

• cites Schuetze & Eiden, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Frías-Armenta and McCloskey (1998) found support for a serial mediation model in which maternal history of abuse was associated with family dysfunction, then authoritarian parenting style, then coercive tactics and physical abuse.

“Frías-Armenta and McCloskey (1998), for example, found support for a serial mediation model in which maternal history of abuse was associated with family dysfunction (marital violence and maternal & paternal alcohol use) which was in turn associated with authoritarian parenting style (including parents’ disciplinary beliefs and strategies) which was associated with verbal and physical coercive tac”

• cites Frías-Armenta & McCloskey, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Exposure to domestic violence is one of the most consistent findings for increased risk in intergenerational transmission.

“Among subsequent studies, one of the most consistent findings is the increased risk imparted by exposure to domestic violence.”

Supportive relationships did not moderate the transmission of harsh physical discipline in a prospective community sample.

“supportive relationships did not moderate the transmission of harsh physical discipline in a prospective community sample (Banyard et al., 2003; Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010).”

• cites Banyard et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Findings on social support's role in intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment were mixed.

“but findings related to its role in the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment were mixed.”

A community sample found no association between mothers' reported CSA or other interpersonal or noninterpersonal trauma and permissive parenting.

“an examination of a community sample of mothers with and without a history of childhood trauma found no association between mothers’ reported CSA or other interpersonal, or noninterpersonal trauma and their reports of permissive parenting (Schwerdtfeger, Larzelere, Werner, Peters, & Oliver, 2013)”

• cites Schwerdtfeger et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The association between high adverse childhood events and self-reported hostile parenting disappeared when adjusted for marital status, education, and ethnicity.

“However, the association between a high level of adverse childhood events and self-reported hostile parenting disappeared when adjusted for marital status, education, and ethnicity, underscoring the importance of accounting for broader environmental stressors in the examination of predictors of harsh parenting (Oosterman, Schuengel, Forrer, & De Moor, 2019).”

• cites Oosterman et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Among 54 maternal survivors of familial CSA, severity of abuse was associated with reported limit setting indirectly through mothers' depressive symptoms.

“Seltmann and Wright (2013) found similar results among 54 maternal survivors of familial CSA; severity of abuse was associated with reported limit setting indirectly through mothers’ depressive symptoms.”

• cites Seltmann & Wright, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

CSA was most strongly associated with decreased maternal involvement and a flattened affect.

“CSA was most strongly associated with decreased maternal involvement and a flattened affect.”

• cites Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Dissociative symptoms mediated the association between physical and emotional abuse and neglect and inconsistent discipline.

“While dissociative symptoms were found to mediate the association between physical and emotional abuse and neglect and inconsistent discipline (Collin-Vézina et al., 2005)”

• cites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a study of 246 parents of 8-11 year old children, mothers' family-of-origin witnessed and experienced aggression were unrelated to their parenting strategies.

“in a study of 246 parents of 8–11 year old children, while mothers’ family-of-origin experiences of witnessed and experienced aggression were unrelated to their parenting strategies”

• cites Margolin et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A reported history of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse was associated with observed emotionally withdrawn caregiving behaviors in 45 low-income mothers of infants.

“A study of 45 low-income mothers of infants found that a reported history of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse was associated with observed emotionally withdrawn caregiving behaviors (Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996).”

• cites Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Mothers of 8-11 year old children with mid- and high-levels of anger, hostility, psychological control, and psychological unavailability reported higher childhood emotional abuse than mothers with low levels of these behaviors.

“mothers of 8–11 year old children who demonstrated mid- and high-levels of anger, hostility, psychological control, and psychological unavailability reported higher levels of childhood emotional abuse than mothers who exhibited low levels of these parenting behaviors”

• cites McCullough et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McCullough et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Only dual CPA and CSA experiences were associated with self-reported and observed harsh discipline.

“These somewhat conflicting findings may be clarified by two studies that found that only dual CPA and CSA experiences were associated with self-reported and observed harsh discipline, suggesting that polyvictimization places parents at greatest risk of engaging in harsh or hostile parenting (Ehrensaft, Knous-Westfall, Cohen, & Chen, 2015; Pasalich, Cyr, Zheng, Mcmahon, & Spieker, 2016).”

• cites Ehrensaft et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pasalich et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A community sample of 105 mothers of toddlers reporting childhood maltreatment histories were more likely to report an authoritarian parenting style than mothers reporting no maltreatment or only noninterpersonal trauma.

“A community sample of 105 mothers of toddlers reporting histories of childhood maltreatment were more likely to report an authoritarian parenting style, characterized by greater levels of physical punishment, verbal hostility, and nonreasoning punishment, compared to mothers reporting no childhood maltreatment or only noninterpersonal trauma (Schwerdtfeger et al., 2013).”

• cites Schwerdtfeger et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The effect of childhood abuse on maternal rejection has been replicated among Spanish mothers of children referred for mental health treatment and Israeli mothers of young children.

“This effect has been replicated among 318 Spanish mothers of children and adolescents referred for mental health treatment (Miranda et al., 2013) and among 150 Israeli mothers of young children (Ben Shlomo & Ben Haim, 2017).”

• cites Miranda et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ben Shlomo & Ben Haim, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Among a clinical sample of 45 mothers receiving outpatient services, reported past CSA was negatively associated with authoritarian parenting when physical abuse and growing up in an alcoholic home were controlled.

“In contrast, among a clinical sample of 45 mothers receiving outpatient services, reported past CSA was negatively associated with authoritarian parenting, when physical abuse and growing up in an alcoholic home were controlled (Ruscio, 2001).”

• cites Ruscio, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Four studies provide limited but consistent evidence that parents' childhood maltreatment, especially CSA, is associated with difficulty responding to children's needs.

“Four studies provide limited but consistent evidence that parents’ reported experiences of childhood maltreatment, especially CSA, are associated with difficulty in responding to their children’s needs.”

A history of CPA but not CSA was associated with observed hostile parenting among 45 low-income mothers and their 18-month-old children.

“However, among 45 low-income mothers and their 18-month-old children, a history of CPA but not CSA was associated with observed hostile parenting (Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996).”

• cites Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Among a larger community sample of parents, a composite childhood maltreatment history variable predicted a latent factor of poor parenting practices including rejection, aggression, neglect, and low warmth.

“Locke and Newcomb (2004); Newcomb and Locke (2001) found that among a larger community sample of parents, a composite childhood maltreatment history variable predicted a latent factor of poor parenting practices that included rejection, aggression, neglect and low warmth.”

• cites Locke & Newcomb, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Newcomb & Locke, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Two small studies suggest a possible association between mothers' reported CSA histories and permissive parenting.

“Findings from two small studies of women receiving social and/or mental health services (Jaffe, Cranston, & Shadlow, 2012; Ruscio, 2001) suggest a possible association between mothers’ reported histories of CSA and their reported permissive parenting.”

• cites Jaffe et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ruscio, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Maternal childhood abuse and neglect experiences were associated with self-reported and child-reported maternal rejection.

“In these studies, maternal childhood abuse and neglect experiences were associated with self-reported and child-reported maternal rejection.”

• cites Miranda et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ben Shlomo & Ben Haim, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Mothers who were victims of incestuous and alcoholic fathers reported being less consistent with their children than adult children of alcoholics with no incest and women with no known childhood trauma or other risk factors.

“In one study, mothers who were victims of incestuous and alcoholic fathers reported being less consistent with their children as compared to adult children of alcoholics with no history of incest and women with no known childhood trauma or other risk factors (Cole, Woolger, Power, & Smith, 1992)”

• cites Cole et al., 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Mothers with a history of familial CSA scored lower on limit setting and expectations for children's behavior compared with mothers without CSA.

“In a small group comparison study, mothers with a history of familial CSA (n = 26) scored lower on limit setting and expectations for their children’s behavior compared with mothers without a CSA history (n = 28) (T. Cohen, 1995).”

• cites T. Cohen, 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Alexander et al. (2000) found emotional over-involvement may be moderated by the presence of a supportive adult intimate relationship.

“In addition, Alexander et al. (2000) found that emotional over-involvement may be moderated by the presence of a supportive adult intimate relationship.”

• cites Alexander et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Among fathers, family-of-origin experiences of aggression were associated with doing nothing or yelling in response to children's misbehavior.

“among fathers, family-of-origin experiences of aggression were associated with doing nothing or yelling in response to children’s misbehavior (Margolin, Gordis, Medina, & Oliver, 2003).”

• cites Margolin et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The relationship between punitive discipline and positive structure was mediated by mothers' dissociative symptoms.

“Further, the relationship between punitive discipline and positive structure was mediated by mothers’ dissociative symptoms.”

• cites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a cluster analysis of adolescent mothers, those with a history of childhood physical abuse were more likely to be in the low-sensitivity group than in the sensitive-engaged group.

“mothers in the group that scored lowest on observed sensitivity were more likely to report a history of CPA than mothers in the sensitive-engaged group”

• cites Driscoll and Easterbrooks (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Among 6-11 year old CPS-referred children, maternal reported history of CSA was not associated with reported monitoring and supervision when other forms of childhood maltreatment were controlled.

“Similarly, among 6–11 year old CPS-referred children (n = 93), maternal reported history of CSA was not associated with reported monitoring and supervision when other forms of childhood maltreatment were controlled (Collin-Vézina et al., 2005).”

• cites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Fuchs et al. did not find that psychological distress mediated the relationship between mothers' abuse history and their emotional availability with infants.

“did not find that psychological distress mediated the relationship between mothers’ abuse history and their emotional availability with their infants (Fuchs et al., 2015)”

• cites Fuchs et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

At 5 months postpartum, mothers with childhood sexual and physical abuse histories did not differ from matched controls in observed emotional availability.

“mothers with reported CSA and CPA histories and matched controls did not differ in their displays of emotional availability when their infants were 5 months old”

• cites Fuchs et al. (2015) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Four studies underscore the role of parental mental health symptoms in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and positive parenting behaviors.

“Four studies underscore the role of parental mental health symptoms in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and positive parenting behaviors.”

Findings on positive affective parenting among mothers of children aged 3 to 6 years were mixed.

“Findings in this group were quite mixed.”

In a study of 64 mothers of school-aged children, all reported forms of childhood maltreatment were negatively associated with observations of mothers' supportive responses to children's negative emotions.

“In a study of 64 mothers of school-aged children, all reported forms of childhood maltreatment (CSA, CPA, and physical and emotional abuse and neglect) were negatively associated with observations of mothers’ supportive responses to children’s negative emotions (Rea & Shaffer, 2016).”

• cites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a community sample of 483 predominantly low-income African American mothers, women with and without reported CSA did not differ on reported use of nonviolent discipline.

“a more methodologically rigorous study of the impact of CSA on parenting among a community sample of 483 predominantly low-income African American mothers, found that women with and without a reported history of CSA did not differ on their reported use of nonviolent discipline.”

• cites Barrett, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

CSA is not directly or indirectly associated with mothers' ability to provide positive structure for their sexually abused daughters.

“Results of a study by Kim, Trickett, and Putnam (2010) suggest that CSA is not directly or indirectly associated with mothers’ ability to provide positive structure for their sexually abused daughters”

• cites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a study of parents of 8-11-year-old children, Margolin et al. (2003) did not find a relationship between reported family of origin aggression and positive parenting behaviors for mothers or fathers.

“In a study of parents of 8–11-year-old children, Margolin et al. (2003) did not find a relationship between reported family of origin aggression (CPA, or IPV between parents) and positive parenting behaviors (consistency, structure, reasoning, and a nonrestrictive attitude) for mothers or fathers.”

• cites Margolin et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Mothers who were more resolved regarding their traumatic past showed greater levels of sensitive guidance with their children.

“However, mothers’ who were more resolved regarding their traumatic past showed greater levels of sensitive guidance with their children (Koren-Karie et al., 2008).”

• cites Koren-Karie et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In two small studies of mothers who were survivors of incest, survivors had lower mean scores on communication compared to mothers without a history of CSA.

“However, in two small studies of mothers who were survivors of incest, survivors had lower mean scores on communication compared to mothers without a history of CSA (T. Cohen, 1995)”

• cites T. Cohen, 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Japanese mothers residing in shelters reporting a history of CPA were less likely to report praising their children, even after controlling for domestic violence and mental health symptoms.

“Fujiwara et al. (2012) found that Japanese mothers residing in shelters reporting a history of CPA were less likely to report praising their children, even after controlling for domestic violence and mental health symptoms.”

• cites Fujiwara et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Cohen (1995) found women with a history of CSA reported lower levels of emotional communication compared to women without CSA.

“Cohen (1995) found that women with a history of CSA reported lower levels of emotional communication, compared to women without a history of CSA”

• cites Cohen, 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The relationship between mothers' CSA experiences and their observed supportive and unsupportive responses to children's negative emotions was mediated by mothers' emotional over-involvement.

“Finally the relationship between mothers’ CSA experiences and their observed supportive and unsupportive responses to their children’s negative emotions were mediated by mothers’ emotional over-involvement (Rea & Shaffer, 2016).”

• cites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a study of 54 survivors of familial CSA, severity of abuse affected limit setting and communication only indirectly through mothers' depressive symptoms.

“Similarly, in a study of 54 survivors of familial CSA, severity of abuse was found to affect limit setting and communication only indirectly through mothers’ depressive symptoms (Seltmann & Wright, 2013).”

• cites Seltmann & Wright, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a clinical sample of 45 mothers receiving outpatient therapy, women with CSA histories did not differ from the normative sample on reported authoritative parenting, controlling for CPA and SES.

“Indeed, in a clinical sample of 45 mothers receiving outpatient therapy services, women with histories of CSA did not differ from the normative sample on their reported use of authoritative parenting practices, controlling for CPA and SES.”

• cites Ruscio, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

This form of parenting was indirectly predicted by reports of childhood experiences of punitive discipline.

“rather this form of parenting was indirectly predicted by reports of childhood experiences of punitive discipline, a factor representing physical punishment, verbal punishment, and guilt induction.”

• cites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a study of 33 mothers with a history of CSA and their school-aged children, there were no bivariate associations between severity of mothers' CSA and observations of sensitive guidance during emotion discussion.

“Finally, in a study of 33 mothers with a history of CSA and their school-aged children, there were no bivariate associations between the severity of mothers’ CSA experiences and observations of their sensitive guidance during a discussion of emotions with their children.”

• cites Koren-Karie et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Thompson-Booth et al. found an indirect link between childhood maltreatment and maternal dyadic reciprocity via reduced attentional bias to infant faces relative to adult faces.

“identified an indirect association between childhood maltreatment and maternal dyadic reciprocity through mothers’ lower attentional bias to infant (versus adult) faces”

• cites Thompson-Booth et al. (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Maternal histories of CSA were linked indirectly with lower levels of communication via maternal depressive symptoms.

“and maternal histories of CSA were linked indirectly with lower levels of communication via maternal depressive symptoms (Seltmann & Wright, 2013).”

• cites Seltmann & Wright, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Women reporting both CSA involving penetration and dysfunctional parenting attitudes reported lower levels of authoritative parenting.

“However, women reporting both CSA involving penetration and dysfunctional parenting attitudes reported lower levels of authoritative parenting (Ruscio, 2001).”

• cites Ruscio, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In a community sample of primarily White, middle-class adolescents and their mothers, mothers' reported CSA experiences did not predict child-reported monitoring or communication effectiveness.

“A study of a community sample of primarily White, middle-class adolescents and their mothers (n = 913) did not find that mothers’ reported CSA experiences predicted child-reported monitoring or communication effectiveness (Testa, Hoffman, & Livingston, 2011).”

• cites Testa et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In one study, fathers with a history of childhood abuse or neglect were less likely to use physical punishment than fathers without such a history.

“fathers who reported a history of childhood abuse or neglect were, in one study, less likely to use physical punishment with their children than fathers who did not report experiencing childhood maltreatment (Ferrari, 2002)”

• cites Ferrari, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Witnessing violence in the home during childhood emerged as a consistent correlate of later parental violence perpetration, with unique and multiplicative effects.

“witnessing violence in the home in childhood also emerged as a consistent correlate of subsequent parental violence perpetration, with unique and multiplicative effects.”

Adult IPV experiences were found to be a significant mediating pathway in the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment for mothers.

“adult IPV experiences also were found to be a significant mediating pathway in the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment for mothers.”

A consistent finding implicates the indirect effect of mothers' mental health and posttraumatic symptoms, which when unresolved can interfere with mothers' sensitive support of their children's emotional development.

“Notable, however, is the consistent finding that implicates the indirect effect of mothers’ mental health and posttraumatic symptoms (Collin-Vézina et al., 2005; Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010; Rea & Shaffer, 2016; Seltmann & Wright, 2013) which, when not resolved (Choi et al., 2019), can interfere with mothers’ sensitive support of their children’s emotional development (Koren-Karie et al., 2008).”

• cites Collin-Vézina et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kim, Trickett, & Putnam, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rea & Shaffer, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Retrospectively reported childhood maltreatment was consistently associated with parents' emotional rejection of and withdrawal from their infants, school-aged children, and adolescents, for both mothers and fathers.

“Retrospectively reported childhood maltreatment also was consistently associated with parents’ emotional rejection of and withdrawal from their infants, school-aged children, and adolescents, for both mothers and fathers.”

The small body of literature suggests a weak and likely indirect association between childhood maltreatment and parenting satisfaction.

“Collectively this small body of literature suggests a weak, and likely indirect, association between childhood maltreatment experiences and parenting satisfaction.”

Surprisingly little information emerged on cultural and socioeconomic factors as potential mediators or moderators of the association between childhood maltreatment and parenting.

“Surprisingly little information emerged on cultural and socioeconomic factors as potential mediators or moderators of the association between childhood maltreatment and parenting behaviors”

Limited sociodemographic resources and low family support were also associated with risk of child maltreatment among mothers with no personal history of childhood maltreatment.

“Limited sociodemographic resources and low family support also were associated with the risk of child maltreatment among mothers who had no personal history of childhood maltreatment.”

• cites St-Laurent et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Despite heterogeneity, findings were generally consistent that a history of childhood physical abuse increases risk for abusive or neglectful parenting, directly or indirectly.

“there was general consistency in findings that a history of CPA confers increased risk for engaging in abusive or neglectful parenting, either directly or indirectly.”

Studies of parents' sensitivity, responsivity, emotional availability, and warmth/nurturance tended to use composite variables, preventing examination of each construct individually.

“Studies of parents’ sensitivity, responsivity, emotional availability, and warmth and nurturance tended to use composite variables, precluding an examination of each of these constructs individually.”

The literature tends to incorporate conceptualizations of intergenerational maltreatment that reflect the second generation's maltreatment either including experiences at the hands of any adult (victim-to-victim transmission) or only those at the hands of the maltreated parent (victim-to-perpetrator transmission).

“the literature tends to incorporate conceptualizations of intergenerational maltreatment that reflect the second generations’ maltreatment either including (1) experiences that occur at the hands of any adult (what Madigan et al. (2019) refers to as victim-to-victim transmission) or (2) only that which occurs at the hands of the maltreated parent (victim-to-perpetrator transmission).”

• cites Madigan et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Childhood maltreatment experiences may alter parents' ability to avoid negative and use positive parenting practices.

“Thus, childhood experiences of maltreatment may alter parents’ ability to avoid negative and utilize positive parenting practices.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The associations between reported childhood maltreatment and parenting reflect an effect of maltreatment on parenting rather than confounding, reverse causation, or shared risk factors.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.

Growing evidence suggests that childhood maltreatment experiences affect parenting practices.

“growing evidence suggests that childhood maltreatment experiences also affect parenting practices”

• cites Savage et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Reduced positive parenting outcomes can have detrimental effects on children.

“reduced positive parenting outcomes can also have detrimental effects on children”

• cites Kawabata et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Serbin et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Stormshak et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The relationship between past sexual abuse and subsequent violent parenting may hold only for child protection-referred samples of mothers.

“suggesting that the relationship between past sexual abuse and subsequent violent parenting may hold only for child protection-referred samples of mothers.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of childhood maltreatment and parenting, despite heterogeneity and frequent use of self-report and unvalidated instruments, are sufficiently valid and comparable to support the review's synthesized conclusions.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment used in many included studies are valid indicators of actual childhood maltreatment.

The stronger methodology of prospective studies provides strong evidence that childhood victimization increases the risk of adult maltreatment perpetration.

“Given the more rigorous methodology of these prospective studies, they provide strong evidence in support of the increased risk for adult perpetration of maltreatment associated with childhood victimization.”

The lack of robust findings for a directly mediated pathway through mental health symptoms may suggest a more complex process involving additional unmeasured variables.

“The lack of robust findings for a directly mediated pathway through mental health symptoms may suggest a more complex process involving additional unmeasured variables.”

Parents maltreated as children may be at greater risk of other compromised parenting behaviors including role reversal and rejecting, controlling, permissive, or intrusive behaviors.

“Thus, parents who were maltreated as children may be at greater risk of engaging in other forms of compromised parenting behaviors – including role reversal and rejecting, controlling, permissive, or intrusive behaviors.”

Polyvictimization places parents at greatest risk of harsh or hostile parenting.

“suggesting that polyvictimization places parents at greatest risk of engaging in harsh or hostile parenting (Ehrensaft, Knous-Westfall, Cohen, & Chen, 2015; Pasalich, Cyr, Zheng, Mcmahon, & Spieker, 2016).”

• cites Ehrensaft et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pasalich et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A strength of the affective aspects literature is that the majority of parenting assessments (78%) were based on observers' ratings during parent-child interactions.

“a strength of this body of literature is that the majority of parenting assessments (78%) were based on observers’ ratings during parent-child interactions.”

Childhood abusive experiences, especially physical abuse, may disrupt the developing mother-infant relationship.

“These findings suggest that childhood abusive experiences, particularly CPA experiences, may interfere with the developing relationship between mothers and their infants.”

The review's results suggest that a link between childhood exposure to intra-familial violence, whether as physical abuse or witnessing domestic violence, is of particular concern for later abusive or neglectful parenting.

“our results suggest that a link between childhood exposure to intra-familial violence, either directly in the form of physical abuse or as a witness to domestic violence, is of particular concern for subsequent abusive or neglectful parenting.”

The extant studies suggest a complex picture of combined environmental, familial, and individual influences that increase or reduce risks of transmitting victimization and its aftereffects across generations.

“the extant studies suggest a complex picture of combined environmental, familial, and individual influences that serve to increase or reduce the risks of transmitting victimization and its aftereffects from one generation to another.”

Under some circumstances, parents with abuse histories may be particularly resilient and able to break the intergenerational cycle of abuse in parenting their children.

“the possibility that under some circumstances parents with abuse histories may be particularly resilient and may be able to break the intergenerational cycle of abuse in parenting their children.”

A small number of studies suggest a potential role for post-traumatic dissociative problems as contributors to or mediators of adverse intergenerational relationships, warranting replication.

“a potential role for post-traumatic dissociative problems as contributors to or mediators of these adverse intergenerational relationships is suggested by a small number of studies that warrant replication.”

The review identified the potential role of growing up in a violent family as an ecological framework for intergenerational transmission of victimization.

“By including exposure to violence in the home as a witness in childhood, the current review identified the potential role of living in a violent family in childhood as an ecological framework for intergenerational transmission of victimization.”